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Journal ArticleDOI

The immunology of asthma

Bart N. Lambrecht, +1 more
- 01 Jan 2015 - 
- Vol. 16, Iss: 1, pp 45-56
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TLDR
Results from in-depth molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans are discussed and the extraordinary heterogeneity of asthma is described.
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. Given the large number of eosinophils in the airways of people with mild asthma, and verified by data from murine models, asthma was long considered the hallmark T helper type 2 (T(H)2) disease of the airways. It is now known that some asthmatic inflammation is neutrophilic, controlled by the T(H)17 subset of helper T cells, and that some eosinophilic inflammation is controlled by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) acting together with basophils. Here we discuss results from in-depth molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans and describe the extraordinary heterogeneity of asthma.

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Citations
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IL-17 and neutrophils: unexpected players in the type 2 immune response

TL;DR: Data from helminth infection models is utilised to illustrate that IL-17 and neutrophils, typically associated with pro-inflammatory responses, are intimately linked with type 2 immunity.
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Exosomal miRNAs in Lung Diseases: From Biologic Function to Therapeutic Targets

TL;DR: Recent studies on the known and potential role of lung exosomes/exosomal miRNAs, in the maintaining of lung homeostasis on one hand, and in promoting lung disease progression on the other are reviewed.
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T cells are necessary for ILC2 activation in house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice.

TL;DR: ILC2s are therefore not an early source of Th2 cytokines, but rather contribute to type 2 inflammation in which Th2 cells play a key role, Taken together, ILC2 induction in HDM‐mediated allergic airway inflammation in mice critically depends on activation of T cells.
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Dendritic cells in lung immunopathology.

TL;DR: Current understanding of the multi-faceted role that DCs play in the induction, maintenance and regulation of lung immunopathology, with an emphasis on allergic pulmonary disease is summarized.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma

TL;DR: Atopic asthma is associated with activation in the bronchi of the interleukin-3, 4, and 5 and GM-CSF gene cluster, a pattern compatible with predominant activation of the TH2-like T-cell population.
Journal ArticleDOI

Interleukin-13: Central Mediator of Allergic Asthma

TL;DR: In this paper, the type 2 cytokine IL-13, which shares a receptor component and signaling pathways with IL-4, was found to be necessary and sufficient for the expression of allergic asthma.
Journal ArticleDOI

Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma.

TL;DR: Eosinophilic inflammation of the airways is correlated with the severity of asthma and these cells are likely to play a part in the epithelial damage seen in this disease.
Journal Article

Interleukin-13: Central mediator of allergic asthma

TL;DR: In this article, the type 2 cytokine IL-13, which shares a receptor component and signaling pathways with IL-4, was found to be necessary and sufficient for the expression of allergic asthma.
Journal ArticleDOI

Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches

TL;DR: Ongoing studies of large-scale, molecularly and genetically focused and extensively clinically characterized cohorts of asthma should enhance the ability to molecularly understand these phenotypes and lead to more targeted and personalized approaches to asthma therapy.
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