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Journal ArticleDOI

The immunology of asthma

Bart N. Lambrecht, +1 more
- 01 Jan 2015 - 
- Vol. 16, Iss: 1, pp 45-56
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TLDR
Results from in-depth molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans are discussed and the extraordinary heterogeneity of asthma is described.
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. Given the large number of eosinophils in the airways of people with mild asthma, and verified by data from murine models, asthma was long considered the hallmark T helper type 2 (T(H)2) disease of the airways. It is now known that some asthmatic inflammation is neutrophilic, controlled by the T(H)17 subset of helper T cells, and that some eosinophilic inflammation is controlled by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) acting together with basophils. Here we discuss results from in-depth molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans and describe the extraordinary heterogeneity of asthma.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Barrier Epithelial Cells and the Control of Type 2 Immunity

TL;DR: The general mechanisms of how different stimuli trigger type-2-cell-mediated immunity at mucosal barriers are reviewed and how this leads to protection or disease are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI

The Cytokines of Asthma

TL;DR: The cytokine networks driving asthma are reviewed, placing these in cellular context and incorporating insights from cytokine-targeting therapies in the clinic, to argue that the development of new and improved therapeutics will require understanding the diverse mechanisms underlying the spectrum of asthma pathologies.
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Farm dust and endotoxin protect against allergy through A20 induction in lung epithelial cells

TL;DR: It is shown that chronic exposure to low-dose endotoxin or farm dust protects mice from developing house dust mite–induced asthma, and a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding A20 was associated with allergy and asthma risk in children growing up on farms.
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Macrophage polarization in pathology.

TL;DR: Functional skewing of monocyte/macrophage polarization occurs in physiological conditions as well as in pathology and is now considered a key determinant of disease development and/or regression.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Interleukin 12 inhibits antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and Th2 cytokine expression in mice.

TL;DR: Data show that antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation can be blocked by IL-12, which suppresses Th2 cytokine expression, which may provide a novel immunotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary allergic disorders such as atopic asthma.
Journal ArticleDOI

New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

TL;DR: The role of autoimmunity (autoantibodies), remodelling, extracellular matrix-derived fragments, impaired innate lung defences, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and dysregulation of microRNAs in the persistence of the pulmonary inflammation despite smoking cessation are discussed.
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MHCII-Mediated Dialog between Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and CD4+ T Cells Potentiates Type 2 Immunity and Promotes Parasitic Helminth Expulsion

TL;DR: During transition to adaptive T cell-mediated immunity, the ILC2 and T cell crosstalk contributes to their mutual maintenance, expansion and cytokine production and identifies a previously unappreciated pathway in the regulation of type-2 immunity.
Journal ArticleDOI

Inflammatory dendritic cells—not basophils—are necessary and sufficient for induction of Th2 immunity to inhaled house dust mite allergen

TL;DR: It is shown that HDM inhalation leads to the TLR4/MyD88-dependent recruitment of IL-4 competent basophils and eosinophils, and of inflammatory DCs to the draining mediastinal nodes, and a model whereby DCs initiate and basophil amplify Th2 immunity to HDM allergen is favored.
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