The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance: The Important Role of the Environment
Rita Finley,Peter Collignon,D. G. Joakim Larsson,Scott A. McEwen,Xian-Zhi Li,William H. Gaze,Richard J. Reid-Smith,Mohammed Timinouni,David W. Graham,Edward Topp +9 more
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TLDR
The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome, which highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management.Abstract:
Antibiotic resistance and associated genes are ubiquitous and ancient, with most genes that encode resistance in human pathogens having originated in bacteria from the natural environment (eg, β-lactamases and fluoroquinolones resistance genes, such as qnr). The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome. This highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management. We need to take more steps to decrease the spread of resistance genes in environmental bacteria into human pathogens, to decrease the spread of resistant bacteria to people and animals via foodstuffs, wastes and water, and to minimize the levels of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria introduced into the environment. Reducing this risk must include improved management of waste containing antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.read more
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The diversity of uncharacterized antibiotic resistance genes can be predicted from known gene variants—but not always
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that knowledge gained from large-scale quantifications of known resistance genes can be utilized as a proxy for unknown resistance factors, and has implications for the design of risk ranking strategies and the choices of measures and methods for describing resistance gene abundance and diversity in the environment.
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A qualitative analysis of pharmacists' attitudes and practices regarding the sale of antibiotics without prescription in Syria
TL;DR: Stricter laws and more law enforcement in addition to pharmacists and public education may constitute the most important elements to limit the spread of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Syria.
Journal ArticleDOI
Endless resistance. Endless antibiotics
Jed F. Fisher,Shahriar Mobashery +1 more
TL;DR: The practice of medicine was profoundly transformed by the introduction of the antibiotics and the antibacterials and a timeless biological activity for these compounds has been presumed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence and fluoroquinolones resistance of Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates from poultry carcasses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Pedro Panzenhagen,Waldemir Silva de Aguiar,Beatriz da Silva Frasao,Virginia Léo de Almeida Pereira,Dayse Lima da Costa Abreu,Dália dos Prazeres Rodrigues,Elmiro Rosendo do Nascimento,Maria Helena Cosendey de Aquino +7 more
TL;DR: Findings reveal a broad extent of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolates from chicken carcasses in Brazil and underline the need for prudent use of these antibiotics in poultry production to minimize the spread of fluorosquinolones resistant Campyloblacter.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antibiotic-resistant indicator bacteria in irrigation water: High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli.
Maria-Theresia Gekenidis,Weihong Qi,Jörg Hummerjohann,Reinhard Zbinden,Fiona Walsh,David Drissner +5 more
TL;DR: The increased occurrence of indicator ARB with increased total indicator bacteria suggests that the latter might be a suitable estimate for presence of respective ARB strains in irrigation water.
References
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Helen W. Boucher,George H. Talbot,John S. Bradley,John S. Bradley,John E. Edwards,John E. Edwards,David N. Gilbert,Louis B. Rice,Louis B. Rice,Michael Scheld,Brad Spellberg,Brad Spellberg,John G. Bartlett +12 more
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TL;DR: This review brings up important questions that are still open, and addresses some significant issues which must be tackled in the future for a better understanding of the behavior of antibiotics in the environment, as well as the risks associated with their occurrence.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antibiotic resistance is ancient
Vanessa M. D'Costa,Christine E. King,Lindsay Kalan,Mariya Morar,Wilson W L Sung,Carsten Schwarz,Duane G. Froese,Grant D. Zazula,Fabrice Calmels,Régis Debruyne,G. Brian Golding,Hendrik N. Poinar,Gerard D. Wright +12 more
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BookDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments
TL;DR: Methods to reduce resistant bacterial load in wastewaters, and the amount of antimicrobial agents, in most cases originated in hospitals and farms, include optimization of disinfection procedures and management of wastewater and manure.