The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance: The Important Role of the Environment
Rita Finley,Peter Collignon,D. G. Joakim Larsson,Scott A. McEwen,Xian-Zhi Li,William H. Gaze,Richard J. Reid-Smith,Mohammed Timinouni,David W. Graham,Edward Topp +9 more
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TLDR
The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome, which highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management.Abstract:
Antibiotic resistance and associated genes are ubiquitous and ancient, with most genes that encode resistance in human pathogens having originated in bacteria from the natural environment (eg, β-lactamases and fluoroquinolones resistance genes, such as qnr). The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome. This highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management. We need to take more steps to decrease the spread of resistance genes in environmental bacteria into human pathogens, to decrease the spread of resistant bacteria to people and animals via foodstuffs, wastes and water, and to minimize the levels of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria introduced into the environment. Reducing this risk must include improved management of waste containing antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.read more
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Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era
Eric D. Brown,Gerard D. Wright +1 more
TL;DR: The looming antibiotic-resistance crisis has penetrated the consciousness of clinicians, researchers, policymakers, politicians and the public at large as discussed by the authors, and the evolution and widespread distribution of antibiotic-resistant elements in bacterial pathogens has made diseases that were once easily treatable deadly again.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Challenge of Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria
TL;DR: This article highlights the recent progress obtained for organisms of clinical significance, together with methodological considerations for the characterization of MDR pumps, with particular focus on AcrAB-TolC and Mex pumps.
Journal ArticleDOI
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention
Ignasi Roca,Murat Akova,Fernando Baquero,Jean Carlet,Marco Cavaleri,Samuel Coenen,Jonathan Cohen,David Findlay,Inge C. Gyssens,O. E. Heure,Gunnar Kahlmeter,H. Kruse,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ernesto Liebana,Lorena López-Cerero,Alasdair P. MacGowan,Marta Martins,Jesús Rodríguez-Baño,Jean-Marc Rolain,Carlos Segovia,Betuel Sigaúque,E. Taconelli,Elizabeth M. H. Wellington,Jordi Vila +23 more
TL;DR: The views of the B-Debate participants regarding the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in animals and the food chain, within the community and the healthcare setting as well as the role of the environment and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are summarized, providing expert recommendations to tackle the global threat of antimacterial resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI
What is a resistance gene? Ranking risk in resistomes.
TL;DR: Rules are proposed for estimating the risks associated with genes that are present in environmental resistomes by evaluating the likelihood of their introduction into human pathogens, and the consequences of such events for the treatment of infections.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications
TL;DR: Joint collaboration across the world with international bodies is needed to assist the developing countries to implement good surveillance of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and strengthening of regulations that direct antibiotic manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and prescription is needed, hence fostering antibiotic stewardship.
References
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Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health
Bonnie Marshall,Stuart B. Levy +1 more
TL;DR: The substantial and expanding volume of evidence reporting animal-to-human spread of resistant bacteria, including that arising from use of NTAs, supports eliminating NTA use in order to reduce the growing environmental load of resistance genes.
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Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants
TL;DR: The impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations is reviewed.
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Sampling the Antibiotic Resistome
TL;DR: This work has shown that soil-dwelling bacteria are a reservoir of resistance determinants that can be mobilized into the microbial community, and study of this reservoir could provide an early warning system for future clinically relevant antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
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The shared antibiotic resistome of soil bacteria and human pathogens
Kevin J. Forsberg,Alejandro Reyes,Bin Wang,Elizabeth M. Selleck,Morten Otto Alexander Sommer,Morten Otto Alexander Sommer,Gautam Dantas +6 more
TL;DR: Multidrug-resistant soil bacteria containing resistance cassettes against five classes of antibiotics are described that have perfect nucleotide identity to genes from diverse human pathogens, offering not only evidence of lateral exchange but also a mechanism by which antibiotic resistance disseminates.
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Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals
TL;DR: Analysis of pharmaceuticals in the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant serving about 90 bulk drug manufacturers in Patancheru, near Hyderabad, India suggests an increased focus on the potential release of active pharmaceutical ingredients from production facilities in different regions.