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The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance: The Important Role of the Environment

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TLDR
The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome, which highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management.
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and associated genes are ubiquitous and ancient, with most genes that encode resistance in human pathogens having originated in bacteria from the natural environment (eg, β-lactamases and fluoroquinolones resistance genes, such as qnr). The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome. This highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management. We need to take more steps to decrease the spread of resistance genes in environmental bacteria into human pathogens, to decrease the spread of resistant bacteria to people and animals via foodstuffs, wastes and water, and to minimize the levels of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria introduced into the environment. Reducing this risk must include improved management of waste containing antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

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Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era

TL;DR: The looming antibiotic-resistance crisis has penetrated the consciousness of clinicians, researchers, policymakers, politicians and the public at large as discussed by the authors, and the evolution and widespread distribution of antibiotic-resistant elements in bacterial pathogens has made diseases that were once easily treatable deadly again.
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The Challenge of Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria

TL;DR: This article highlights the recent progress obtained for organisms of clinical significance, together with methodological considerations for the characterization of MDR pumps, with particular focus on AcrAB-TolC and Mex pumps.
Journal ArticleDOI

What is a resistance gene? Ranking risk in resistomes.

TL;DR: Rules are proposed for estimating the risks associated with genes that are present in environmental resistomes by evaluating the likelihood of their introduction into human pathogens, and the consequences of such events for the treatment of infections.
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Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications

TL;DR: Joint collaboration across the world with international bodies is needed to assist the developing countries to implement good surveillance of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and strengthening of regulations that direct antibiotic manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and prescription is needed, hence fostering antibiotic stewardship.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Occupational Transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii from a United States Serviceman Wounded in Iraq to a Health Care Worker

TL;DR: A "look-back" analysis revealed that the multidrug resistant A. baumannii recovered from the HCW and from a patient in her care were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicated that the isolates were similar to strains of A. BaumannII derived from European clone type II.
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The public health impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations on local communities.

TL;DR: Empirical research in this area suggests that neighboring residents are at increased risk of developing neurobehavioral symptoms and respiratory illnesses, including asthma.
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Microbiologic study of the pathogens isolated from wound culture among Wenchuan earthquake survivors

TL;DR: The isolates were significantly different from isolation pattern of 2004 tsunami in Thailand, and the isolation rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in this study might increase the risk of nosocomial infection.
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