The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance: The Important Role of the Environment
Rita Finley,Peter Collignon,D. G. Joakim Larsson,Scott A. McEwen,Xian-Zhi Li,William H. Gaze,Richard J. Reid-Smith,Mohammed Timinouni,David W. Graham,Edward Topp +9 more
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TLDR
The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome, which highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management.Abstract:
Antibiotic resistance and associated genes are ubiquitous and ancient, with most genes that encode resistance in human pathogens having originated in bacteria from the natural environment (eg, β-lactamases and fluoroquinolones resistance genes, such as qnr). The rapid evolution and spread of "new" antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome. This highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management. We need to take more steps to decrease the spread of resistance genes in environmental bacteria into human pathogens, to decrease the spread of resistant bacteria to people and animals via foodstuffs, wastes and water, and to minimize the levels of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria introduced into the environment. Reducing this risk must include improved management of waste containing antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.read more
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Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era
Eric D. Brown,Gerard D. Wright +1 more
TL;DR: The looming antibiotic-resistance crisis has penetrated the consciousness of clinicians, researchers, policymakers, politicians and the public at large as discussed by the authors, and the evolution and widespread distribution of antibiotic-resistant elements in bacterial pathogens has made diseases that were once easily treatable deadly again.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Challenge of Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria
TL;DR: This article highlights the recent progress obtained for organisms of clinical significance, together with methodological considerations for the characterization of MDR pumps, with particular focus on AcrAB-TolC and Mex pumps.
Journal ArticleDOI
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention
Ignasi Roca,Murat Akova,Fernando Baquero,Jean Carlet,Marco Cavaleri,Samuel Coenen,Jonathan Cohen,David Findlay,Inge C. Gyssens,O. E. Heure,Gunnar Kahlmeter,H. Kruse,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ernesto Liebana,Lorena López-Cerero,Alasdair P. MacGowan,Marta Martins,Jesús Rodríguez-Baño,Jean-Marc Rolain,Carlos Segovia,Betuel Sigaúque,E. Taconelli,Elizabeth M. H. Wellington,Jordi Vila +23 more
TL;DR: The views of the B-Debate participants regarding the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in animals and the food chain, within the community and the healthcare setting as well as the role of the environment and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are summarized, providing expert recommendations to tackle the global threat of antimacterial resistance.
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What is a resistance gene? Ranking risk in resistomes.
TL;DR: Rules are proposed for estimating the risks associated with genes that are present in environmental resistomes by evaluating the likelihood of their introduction into human pathogens, and the consequences of such events for the treatment of infections.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications
TL;DR: Joint collaboration across the world with international bodies is needed to assist the developing countries to implement good surveillance of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and strengthening of regulations that direct antibiotic manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and prescription is needed, hence fostering antibiotic stewardship.
References
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Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study
TL;DR: The presence of NDM-1 β-lactamase-producing bacteria in environmental samples in New Delhi has important implications for people living in the city who are reliant on public water and sanitation facilities.
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Lisa L. Maragakis,Trish M. Perl +1 more
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Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
Lance B. Price,Marc Stegger,Henrik Hasman,Maliha Aziz,Jesper Larsen,Paal Skytt Andersen,Talima Pearson,Andrew E. Waters,Jeffrey T. Foster,James M. Schupp,John D. Gillece,Elizabeth M. Driebe,Cindy M. Liu,Cindy M. Liu,Burkhard Springer,Irena Zdovc,Antonio Battisti,Alessia Franco,Jacek Żmudzki,Stefan Schwarz,Patrick Butaye,Eric Jouy,Constança Pomba,M. Concepción Porrero,Raymond Ruimy,Tara C. Smith,D. Ashley Robinson,J. Scott Weese,Carmen Sofia Arriola,Fangyou Yu,Frédéric Laurent,Paul Keim,Paul Keim,Robert Skov,Frank Møller Aarestrup +34 more
TL;DR: The results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA, which appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance.
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Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Journal ArticleDOI
The changing epidemiology of resistance.
TL;DR: Some of the new mechanisms and recent trends in the global spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are reviewed, with the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus blurring the distinction between hospital and community strains.