https://cancerbiologyprogram.med.wayne.edu/pdfs/hallmarks_cancer_article.pdf

Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/hsuryadi/files/2012/02/ROS_RNS.pdf

Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease

Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity

Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in plants as byproducts of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the nature of the ROS species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms. Whereas plants are surfeited with mechanisms to combat increased ROS levels during abiotic stress conditions, in other circumstances plants appear to purposefully generate ROS as signaling molecules to control various processes including pathogen defense, programmed cell death, and stomatal behavior. This review describes the mechanisms of ROS generation and removal in plants during development and under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. New insights into the complexity and roles that ROS play in plants have come from genetic analyses of ROS detoxifying and signaling mutants. Considering recent ROS-induced genome-wide expression analyses, the possible functions and mechanisms for ROS sensing and signaling in plants are compared with those in animals and yeast.

REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Signal Transduction

Constitutive Baff Signalling Plays a Key Role in CLL Development by Promoting Tumor Cell Survival

Publisher Summary Mammalian cells respond to extracellular stimuli by activating signaling cascades that lead to long-term changes in gene expression. These signal transduction cascades are mediated by serine/threonine kinases of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Several subgroups of MAP kinases have been identified in mammalian cells, which differ in their substrate specificities and regulation. Understanding the mechanisms by which signal transduction pathways transmit information to the nucleus is important in order to develop a better understanding of how normal cells respond to extracellular stimuli. The JNKs were identified by virtue of their ability to phosphorylate the N-terminal sites of c-Jun, which is encoded by the c-jun proto-oncogene. The JNKs were also independently identified as cyclohexamide-activated protein kinases and were named SAPKs. Of the different Juns, only c-Jun is an efficient JNK substrate. Like other MAP kinases, JNK binding is stimulated in response to a signal transduction cascade that is triggered when cells are exposed to extracellular stimuli. The JNKs are activated by a variety of different types of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, cytokines, and cellular stresses, such as heat shock, hyperosmolarity, and UV irradiation.

The JNK Family of MAP Kinases: Regulation and Function

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors and the IκB kinases (IKKs) that activate them are central coordinators of innate and adaptive immune responses. More recently, it has become clear that NF-κB signaling also has a critical role in cancer development and progression. The canonical NF-κB pathway contributes to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development by interacting with other signaling pathways including tumor suppressive and oncogenic pathways in a tissue specific manner. In this chapter, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of interconnections between NF-κB and IKKs, including IKKα which has NF-κB independent functions, in the context of SCC development and progression and as potential target for novel chemotherapy approaches.

NF-κB, IκB Kinase and Interacting Signal Networks in Squamous Cell Carcinomas

The invention provides nucleotide sequences that mediate one or more functions of IKKα, kits and methods for using these sequences to identify therapeutic compounds that alter IKKα related pathology.

Compositions and methods for gene expression

Provided are compositions, transgenic animals and methods for screening and analyzing agents useful for treating inflammatory bowel diseases. Also provided are methods to treat inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease and Blau syndrome.

Michael Karin

Papers

Constitutive Baff Signalling Plays a Key Role in CLL Development by Promoting Tumor Cell Survival

The JNK Family of MAP Kinases: Regulation and Function

NF-κB, IκB Kinase and Interacting Signal Networks in Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Compositions and methods for gene expression

Mouse model of crohn’s disease and a method to develop specific therapeutics