Indonesian Institute of Sciences

About: Indonesian Institute of Sciences is a facility organization based out in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Biology. The organization has 4795 authors who have published 10544 publications receiving 76990 citations. The organization is also known as: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong, Indonesia.

Fatty Acid Synthesis by Indonesian Marine Diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis

Abstract: -1 mass of lipid per cell at the exponential phase to 283pg cell -1 at stationary phase. The lipid concentrations also increased significantly from the stationary phase to the death phase, but not significantly from the end exponential phase to the stationary phase. The relative percentage of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) of the total fatty acid was higher than that of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) at all of growth phase. The highest PUFA was found at stationary phase at the same time when SAFA was being the lowest. The majority of SAFA was palmitic acid (24.03-40.35%). MUFA contained significant proportion of oleic acid (19.6-20.9%). Oleic acid, linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid were found at every stage growth. These fatty acids are considered as precursor for production of long chain PUFA-Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA/22:6u3) through series of desaturation and elongation step with all of desaturase enzyme (A8-D, A9-D, A12-D, A15-D, A17-D, A6-D, A5-D, and A4-D) and elongase enzyme (E).

Measurements within the Pacific-Indian oceans throughflow region

Abstract: Two hydrographic (θ, S, O2) and trichlorofluoromethane (F-11) sections were carried out between the Australian continental shelf and Indonesia, in August 1989, on board the R.V. Marion Dufresne. The sections lie in the easternmost part of the Indian Ocean where the throughflow between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean emerges. They allow us to describe the features of the water-property and circulation fields of the throughflow at its entrance in the Indian Ocean. Between the Australian continental shelf and Bali, the Subtropical and Central waters are separated from the waters of the Indonesian seas by a sharp hydrological front, located around 13°30 S, below the thermocline down to 700 m. Near the coast of Bali, upwelling occurs in the near-surface layer under the effect of the southeast monsoon; at depth, between 300 m to more than 800 m, a water mass of northern Indian Ocean origin was present. From the characteristics of the bottom water found in the Lombok basin, the maximum depth of the Java ridge which separates the Lombok basin from the Northwest Australian basin lies around 3650 m. Off Sumba, Savu, Roti and Timor channels a core of low salinity and high oxygen content near-surface water was found in the axis of each channel, which suggests strong currents from the interior Indonesian seas towards the Indian Ocean. The entrance of the deep water flowing in the opposite direction, from the Indian Ocean to the Timor basin, was marked below 1400 m to the sill depth, through an increase of salinity and oxygen content. The flow reversal, observed briefly by a Pegasus direct current profiler in the Timor strait, was located at 1200 m depth. During the southeast monsoon, the net (geostrophic + Ekman) transport calculated on the section Australia-Bali give an estimate of the throughflow between 0 and 500 m of 22 ± 4 × 106 m3 s−1 towards the Indian Ocean, with a concentration of the transport in the upper layers (19 × 106 m3 s−1 in 0–200 m) and near the Indonesian coast, north of 13°30 S. In this region of intense mixing, attempts to make a salinity budget were inconclusive but did not imply any reduction in estimated throughflow transport. Below 500 m the net transport is of the order of the uncertainty. The total estimated transport (0–1900 dbar, deepest sill depth) is 18.6 × 106 m3 s−1 (±7) with a mean temperature of 23°C and a mean salinity of 34.0 psu (but may be as large as 23 × 106 m3 s−1, with mean temperature of 20°C and mean salinity of 34.1 psu).

How to go extinct: lessons from the lost plants of Krakatau

Abstract: Aim Few data sets exist that allow measurement of long-term extinction and turnover rates for islands of the size of the three main islands of the Krakatau group. We test the reliability of previous estimates of plant species extinction and examine structure within the extinction data. Location The data analysed are for the three older Krakatau islands: Rakata, Sertung and Panjang in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Methods Our analysis is based on a comprehensive database incorporating all species records for each island since recolonization began after the 1883 sterilization, plus attributes such as distribution, phylogeny, population status and dispersal mechanism for each species. We employ a combination of univariate and multi-term analyses in analysing structure, and derive Minimal Adequate Models using binary logistic analyses of variance and covariance. We compare the 1883–1934 data set with the contemporary flora as represented by (1) 1979–83 records (as used in previous analyses) and (2) 1979–94 data (original). Results The improved data for the contemporary flora reduces the number of missing species by one-third. We show that a variety of estimates of extinction rate can be produced depending on what assumptions are made concerning the status of particular species groups. Structural features in the extinction data persist despite the reduction in overall numbers of losses. Losses relate to: (1) the number of islands on which a species originally occurred, (2) the primary dispersal mode, and (3) the original abundance of a species (e.g. whether it was known to have established a successful resident population, and whether it was in decline or increasing in c. 1930). The ‘best’ descriptive model employs the variables denoted under (3). A high proportion of losses comprised species introduced by people and rare or ephemeral species. Losses of ‘residents’ that had colonized naturally could largely be accounted for by reference to (1) successional loss of habitat and, to a lesser degree, (2) other habitat disturbance or loss. Main conclusions Previous analyses, based on a more limited data set, have significantly over-estimated extinction from the Krakatau flora. Few naturally colonizing and established species have become extinct. The findings indicate that caution is necessary in interpreting ‘headline’ island ecological rates, and in analysing and modelling such data. Examination of structural features of the data appear to be valuable both in providing ecological insights in their own right, and in enabling refinements to estimates of extinction and thus turnover.

Biooxidation of (+)-Catechin and (-)-Epicatechin into 3,4-Dihydroxyflavan Derivatives by the Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. Isolated from a Tea Plant

Abstract: The microbial transformation of (+)-catechin (1) and (-)-epicatechin (2) by endophytic fungi isolated from a tea plant was investigated. It was found that the endophytic filamentous fungus Diaporthe sp. transformed them (1, 2) into the 3,4-cis-dihydroxyflavan derivatives, (+)-(2R,3S,4S)-3,4,5,7,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavan (3) and (-)-(2R,3R,4R)-3,4,5,7,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavan (7), respectively, whereas (-)-catechin (ent-1) and (+)-epicatechin (ent-2) with a 2S-phenyl group resisted the biooxidation.

Research progress of novel bio-based plasticizers and their applications in poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract: Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been widely used in the world. Petroleum-based plasticizers especially phthalates have been the most common plasticizers used in PVC. However, the global petroleum resources are becoming scarce gradually, and the hygienic requirements for plasticizers are increasing. Owing to the negative impact of petroleum-based plasticizers on human health and the environment, their use has been restricted in the USA, the European and so on. Biomass renewable resources have wide range of sources and low prices, and the chemicals obtained from them have various structures, which can provide a huge platform to design novel PVC plasticizers with the aim of replacing traditional phthalate plasticizers. Many bio-based PVC plasticizers, such as vegetable oil-based plasticizers, cardanol-based plasticizers, lactic acid-based plasticizers, waste cooking oil-based plasticizers, polyester plasticizers, hyperbranched plasticizers and so on, have been extensively studied. We have reviewed recent research progress on different types of novel bio-based PVC plasticizers and assorted them by raw materials and chemical structure. Through in-depth analysis of the relationship between the chemical structure and the plasticizing performance, the efficiency of plasticizers may be predicted before they have been designed. This review will be beneficial for the development of bio-based plasticizers by pointing out the research and application direction.