California State University, Long Beach

About: California State University, Long Beach is a education organization based out in Long Beach, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 10036 authors who have published 13933 publications receiving 377394 citations. The organization is also known as: Cal State Long Beach & Long Beach State.

Cooperative assembly of three-ring-based zeolite-type metal-organic frameworks and Johnson-type dodecahedra.

Abstract: Two birds with one stone One synthetic strategy led to the preparation of both 3-ring-based zeolite-type metal-organic frameworks (NPO-type) and Johnson-type metal-organic polyhedra. The strategy is based on the cooperative assembly of 4-connected indium nodes with two symmetry-complementary ligands (one serves to generate 3-rings and the other crosslinks 3-rings). Photocatalytic H2 production experiments demonstrated these NPO-zeolite compounds behave as semiconductors and exhibit photocatalytic activity for the generation of dihydrogen from water under ultraviolet irradiation.

Soil water retention. I. Introduction of a shape index

Abstract: Knowledge of soil water retention is fundamental to quantify the flow of water and dissolved substances in the subsurface. Water retention is often quantified with models fitted to observed retention points. Interpretation and conversion of parameters from different models is subjective and prone to error. We examined 461 retention curves from the UNSODA database and 660 from the GRIZZLY database. Parameters of the Brooks-Corey (BC) and van Genuchten (vG) equations were fitted to the retention data. The shape parameters in these functions (, m, and n) are closely correlated to soil texture and may be predicted with so-called pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Among the scale parameters, the saturated water content s proved to be a robust fitting parameter regardless of parameterization. Reliable optimization of the residual water content r is more difficult; without any constraint it was negative for 54.4% of the GRIZZLY samples, and its value was strongly correlated to the shape parameters. The BC- and vG-shape parameters are often converted assuming = mn, which is incorrect when or mn is large (e.g., > 0.8). To facilitate the interpretation, conversion, and optimization of retention parameters, we introduce a water retention shape index P. This index constitutes an integral measure of the slope of the retention curve and characterizes the retention behavior of a particular soil with a single number. A value for the index can be estimated directly from retention data. For the majority of the samples P ranged between 0 and 0.4; rarely did P exceed 3, which is the maximum expected for fractal behavior. The value for P was related to soil texture: fine-textured soils tend to have smaller values than coarse-textured soils. The shape index provides a benchmark for conversion and comparison of parameters.

Microbial response to simulated global change is phylogenetically conserved and linked with functional potential.

Abstract: The high diversity of microbial communities hampers predictions about their responses to global change Here we investigate the potential for using a phylogenetic, trait-based framework to capture the response of bacteria and fungi to global change manipulations Replicated grassland plots were subjected to 3+ years of drought and nitrogen fertilization The responses of leaf litter bacteria and fungi to these simulated changes were significantly phylogenetically conserved Proportional changes in abundance were highly correlated among related organisms, such that relatives with approximately 5% ribosomal DNA genetic distance showed similar responses to the treatments A microbe's change in relative abundance was significantly correlated between the treatments, suggesting a compromise between numerical abundance in undisturbed environments and resistance to change in general, independent of disturbance type Lineages in which at least 90% of the microbes shared the same response were circumscribed at a modest phylogenetic depth (τD 0014-0021), but significantly larger than randomized simulations predict In several clades, phylogenetic depth of trait consensus was higher Fungal response to drought was more conserved than was response to nitrogen fertilization, whereas bacteria responded equally to both treatments Finally, we show that a bacterium's response to the manipulations is correlated with its potential functional traits (measured here as the number of glycoside hydrolase genes encoding the capacity to degrade different types of carbohydrates) Together, these results suggest that a phylogenetic, trait-based framework may be useful for predicting shifts in microbial composition and functioning in the face of global change

Violence and Gangs: Gender Differences in Perceptions and Behavior

Abstract: Most research on violence has focused on males, but recent studies indicatethat females are also involved in violent crimes. Few studies, to date,have examined whether different or similar models explain male and femaleinvolvement in violent behavior. In the current research, we examine therelative contribution of social bond, self-control and social learningconcepts to the explanation of male and female violent offending. We alsoexplore the unique contribution of gang membership, school environment andprior victimization to these explanatory models. Using a multisite sampleof eighth-grade students, we find that results of a Chow test indicate theneed for separate theoretical models. Despite some similarities, differentfactors account for male and female rates of violent behavior.