Ohio State University

About: Ohio State University is a education organization based out in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cancer. The organization has 102421 authors who have published 222715 publications receiving 8373403 citations. The organization is also known as: Ohio State & The Ohio State University.

Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism.

Abstract: In psychological research on cultural differences, the distinction between individualism and collectivism has received the lion's share of attention as a fundamental dimension of cultural variation In recent years, however, these constructs have been criticized as being ill-defined and "a catchall" to represent all forms of cultural differences The authors argue that there is a conceptual confusion about the meaning of ingroups that constitute the target of collectivism Collectives are rarely referred to in existing measures to assess collectivism Instead, networks of interpersonal relationships dominate the operational definition of "ingroups" in these measures Results from a content analysis of existing scales support this observation To clarify and expand the individualism-collectivism distinction, a theoretical framework is proposed that draws on M B Brewer and G Gardner's (1996) conceptualization of individual, relational, and collective selves and their manifestation in self-representations, beliefs, and values Analyses of data from past studies provide preliminary support for this conceptual model The authors propose that this new theoretical framework will contribute conceptual clarity to interpretation of past research on individualism and collectivism and guide future research on these important constructs

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Autonomic origins, physiological mechanisms, and psychophysiological implications.

Abstract: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is being used increasingly in psychophysiological studies as an index of vagal control of the heart and may be among the most selective noninvasive indices of parasympathetic control of cardiac functions. A comprehensive understanding of RSA, however, requires an appreciation of its multiple autonomic and physiological origins. We review the physiological bases of RSA and show that RSA arises from multiple tonic and phasic processes of both central and peripheral origin. These underlying mechanisms are at least partially differentiated, have distinct dynamics and consequences, and may be differentially sensitive to behavioral and cognitive events. These multiple mechanisms are relevant for psychophysiological studies of RSA, and a thorough understanding of RSA can only be achieved through an appreciation of the dynamics of its underlying origins. There is a distinction between the psychophysiological and neurophysiological domains, and conceptual and empirical bridges between these domains are needed.

A new approach to measuring financial contagion

Abstract: This article proposes a new approach to evaluate contagion in financial markets. Our measure of contagion captures the coincidence of extreme return shocks across countries within a region and across regions. We characterize the extent of contagion, its economic significance, and its determinants using a multinomial logistic regression model. Applying our approach to daily returns of emerging markets during the 1990s, we find that contagion is predictable and depends on regional interest rates, exchange rate changes, and conditional stock return volatility. Evidence that contagion is stronger for extreme negative returns than for extreme positive returns is mixed.

A Universal Angular Momentum Profile for Galactic Halos

Abstract: We study the angular momentum profiles of a statistical sample of halos drawn from a high-resolution N-body simulation of the ΛCDM cosmology. We find that the cumulative mass distribution of specific angular momentum j in a halo of mass Mv is well fitted by a universal function, M(< j) = Mvμj/(j0 + j). This profile is defined by one shape parameter (μ or j0) in addition to the global spin parameter λ. It follows a power law M(< j) ∝ j over most of the mass and flattens at large j, with the flattening more pronounced for small values of μ (or large j0 at a fixed λ). Compared to a uniform sphere in solid-body rotation, most halos have a higher fraction of their mass in the low- and high-j tails of the distribution. High-λ halos tend to have high μ values, corresponding to a narrower, more uniform j distribution. The spatial distribution of angular momentum in halos tends to be cylindrical and is well-aligned within each halo for ~80% of the halos. The more misaligned halos tend to have low μ values. When averaged over spherical shells encompassing mass M, the halo j profiles are fitted by j(M) ∝ Ms with s = 1.3 ± 0.3. We investigate two ideas for the origin of this profile. The first is based on a revised version of linear tidal-torque theory combined with extended Press-Schechter mass accretion, and the second focuses on j transport in minor mergers. Finally, we briefly explore implications of the M(< j) profile on the formation of galactic disks assuming that j is conserved during an adiabatic baryonic infall. The implied gas density profile deviates from an exponential disk, with a higher density at small radii and a tail extending to large radii. The steep central density profiles may imply disk scale lengths that are smaller than observed. This is reminiscent of the "angular momentum problem" seen in hydrodynamic simulations, even though we have assumed perfect j conservation. A possible solution is to associate the central excesses with bulge components and the outer regions with extended gaseous disks.