Ohio State University

About: Ohio State University is a education organization based out in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cancer. The organization has 102421 authors who have published 222715 publications receiving 8373403 citations. The organization is also known as: Ohio State & The Ohio State University.

Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes.

Abstract: Review of: Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey K, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:644-657. The report combines the data from two trials, CANVAS and CANVAS-Renal, which were designed to evaluate the safety and effect of canagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, on the appearance of cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Enrollees were patients with type 2 diabetes of at least 30 years of age, with a glycated hemoglobin of > or equal to 7.0% and 30 ml/min. Patients were randomized to canagliflozin at doses of either 100 mg or 300 mg or matching placebo in CANVAS, and to canagliflozin 100 mg with a possible increase to 300 mg, or placebo, in CANVAS-Renal. Physicians were instructed to continue appropriate diabetic management and other therapies in accordance with the best practices in their community. There was a significant 14% reduction in the combined endpoint of cardiovascular events of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke in the canagliflozin treated patients. There was also a pattern of improvement in markers of renal disease, including the change in the level and nature of albuminuria, a 40% decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, the need for renal replacement therapy, or death from renal causes. This study expands the scope of SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients beyond those with preexisting cardiovascular disease studied in the previous empagliflozin study, raising the question as to whether SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy should be considered appropriate for most, if not all, type 2 diabetes patients, not only to control hyperglycemia but also to reduce cardiovascular and renal events.

Screening for the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer).

Abstract: Background Germ-line mutations in the mismatch-repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 lead to the development of the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), conferring a strong susceptibility to cancer. We assessed the frequency of such mutations in patients with colorectal cancer and examined strategies for molecular screening to identify patients with the syndrome. Methods Patients with a new diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma at the major hospitals in metropolitan Columbus, Ohio, were eligible for the study. Genotyping of the tumor for microsatellite instability was the primary screening method. Among patients whose screening results were positive for microsatellite instability, we searched for germ-line mutations in the MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 genes with the use of immunohistochemical staining for mismatch-repair proteins, genomic sequencing, and deletion studies. Family members of carriers of the mutations were counseled, and those found to be at risk were offered mutation...

The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Abstract: Apart from alterations in the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF pathway, comparatively little is known about the genetics of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We show that numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) are transcriptionally up-regulated in PTC tumors compared with unaffected thyroid tissue. A set of five miRNAs, including the three most up-regulated ones (miR-221, -222, and -146), distinguished unequivocally between PTC and normal thyroid. Additionally, miR-221 was up-regulated in unaffected thyroid tissue in several PTC patients, presumably an early event in carcinogenesis. Tumors in which the up-regulation (11- to 19-fold) of miR-221, -222, and -146 was strongest showed dramatic loss of KIT transcript and Kit protein. In 5 of 10 such cases, this down expression was associated with germline single-nucleotide changes in the two recognition sequences in KIT for these miRNAs. We conclude that up-regulation of several miRs and regulation of KIT are involved in PTC pathogenesis, and that sequence changes in genes targeted by miRNAs can contribute to their regulation.