Ohio State University

About: Ohio State University is a education organization based out in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cancer. The organization has 102421 authors who have published 222715 publications receiving 8373403 citations. The organization is also known as: Ohio State & The Ohio State University.

American Society of Clinical Oncology Policy Statement Update: Genetic and Genomic Testing for Cancer Susceptibility

Abstract: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has long affirmed that the recognition and management of individuals with an inherited susceptibility to cancer are core elements of oncology care. ASCO released its first statement on genetic testing in 1996 and updated that statement in 2003 and 2010 in response to developments in the field. In 2014, the Cancer Prevention and Ethics Committees of ASCO commissioned another update to reflect the impact of advances in this area on oncology practice. In particular, there was an interest in addressing the opportunities and challenges arising from the application of massively parallel sequencing-also known as next-generation sequencing-to cancer susceptibility testing. This technology introduces a new level of complexity into the practice of cancer risk assessment and management, requiring renewed effort on the part of ASCO to ensure that those providing care to patients with cancer receive the necessary education to use this new technology in the most effective, beneficial manner. The purpose of this statement is to explore the challenges of new and emerging technologies in cancer genetics and provide recommendations to ensure their optimal deployment in oncology practice. Specifically, the statement makes recommendations in the following areas: germline implications of somatic mutation profiling, multigene panel testing for cancer susceptibility, quality assurance in genetic testing, education of oncology professionals, and access to cancer genetic services.

Galaxies in a simulated ΛCDM Universe – I. Cold mode and hot cores

Abstract: We study the formation of galaxies in a large volume (50 h −1 Mpc, 2 × 288 3 particles) cosmological simulation, evolved using the entropy and energy-conserving smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code GADGET-2. Most of the baryonic mass in galaxies of all masses is originally acquired through filamentary ‘cold mode’ accretion of gas that was never shock heated to its halo virial temperature, confirming the key feature of our earlier results obtained with a different SPH code. Atmospheres of hot, virialized gas develop in haloes above 2–3 × 10 11 M � , a transition mass that is nearly constant from z = 3 to 0. Cold accretion persists in haloes above the transition mass, especially at z ≥ 2. It dominates the growth of galaxies in low-mass haloes at all times, and it is the main driver of the cosmic star formation history. Our results suggest that the cooling of shock-heated virialized gas, which has been the focus of many analytic models of galaxy growth spanning more than three decades, might be a relatively minor element of galaxy formation. At high redshifts, satellite galaxies have gas accretion rates similar to central galaxies of the same baryonic mass, but at z < 1t he accretion rates of low-mass satellites are well below those of comparable central galaxies. Relative to our earlier simulations, the GADGET-2 simulations predict much lower rates of ‘hot mode’ accretion from the virialized gas component. Hot accretion rates compete with cold accretion rates near the transition mass, but only at z ≤ 1. Hot accretion is inefficient in haloes

Neural mechanisms of aggression

Abstract: Unchecked aggression and violence exact a significant toll on human societies. Aggression is an umbrella term for behaviours that are intended to inflict harm. These behaviours evolved as adaptations to deal with competition, but when expressed out of context, they can have destructive consequences. Uncontrolled aggression has several components, such as impaired recognition of social cues and enhanced impulsivity. Molecular approaches to the study of aggression have revealed biological signals that mediate the components of aggressive behaviour. These signals may provide targets for therapeutic intervention for individuals with extreme aggressive outbursts. This Review summarizes the complex interactions between genes, biological signals, neural circuits and the environment that influence the development and expression of aggressive behaviour.

The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the most recent estimates of the incidence and prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and review current issues related to measurement and use of these data DESIGN: State of the science literature for the United States and abroad was analyzed and issues were identified for (1) incidence of TBI, (2) prevalence of lifetime history of TBI, and (3) incidence and prevalence of disability associated with TBI RESULTS: The most recent estimates indicate that each year 235 000 Americans are hospitalized for nonfatal TBI, 11 million are treated in emergency departments, and 50 000 die The northern Finland birth cohort found that 38% of the population had experienced at least 1 hospitalization due to TBI by 35 years of age The Christchurch New Zealand birth cohort found that by 25 years of age 316% of the population had experienced at least 1 TBI, requiring medical attention (hospitalization, emergency department, or physician office) An estimated 433% of Americans have residual disability 1 year after injury The most recent estimate of the prevalence of US civilian residents living with disability following hospitalization with TBI is 32 million CONCLUSION: Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of TBI are based on varying sources of data, methods of calculation, and assumptions Informed users should be cognizant of the limitations of these estimates when determining their applicability Language: en