Washington State University

About: Washington State University is a education organization based out in Pullman, Washington, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gene. The organization has 26947 authors who have published 57736 publications receiving 2341509 citations. The organization is also known as: WSU & Wazzu.

Trust and Adaptation in Relational Contracting

Abstract: Trust, which occurs at the organizational and interpersonal levels, is generally believed to be important for the success ol interfirm relationships. We explore the effects of interaction between the two types of trust on negotiators' motivation to solve problems of adaptation in relational contracting. What we find is that too much trust is as bad as too little. Solutions are furthest from optimal when both organizational and interpersonal trust are high or both are low.

The pharmacology and neural circuitry of sensitization to psychostimulants.

Abstract: Behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants is manifest as a progressive increase in drug-induced anxiety and paranoia which can culminate in psychopathologies, such as paranoid psychosis and panic attacks. Sensitization may also mediate the facilitation of drug relapse in addicts by increasing the reinforcing value of acute drug administration. The primary animal model for psychostimulant-induced psychopathologies involves repeated, non-contingent administration of drug to rodents, which can produce a progressive and enduring augmentation in motor activity and increased susceptibility to drug self-administration. Because of the mature literature implicating mesoaccumbens dopamine transmission in the acute motor and reinforcing effects of amphetamine-like stimulants, investigation into the neural basis of behavioral sensitization has focused on this projection. Over the last decade, with a few exceptions, the neurochemical and molecular literature that has emerged from this effort is replete with inconsistencies. In contrast, the presence of behavioral sensitization is a highly replicable event. It is proposed that behavioral sensitization arises from an alteration in the neural circuitry that subserves the translation of motivationally relevant stimuli into adaptive motor responses. The mesoaccumbens dopamine projection is embedded in this circuit and an enduring change in dopamine transmission may alter the functional state of the circuit to produce behavioral sensitization. However, combinations of alterations in other connections within the circuit can also support behavioral sensitization. The specific changes in the circuit that promote behavioral sensitization are under the control of experimental parameters, such as the drug employed, dosage regimen, withdrawal period and the presence of conditioning cues. Thus, the profile of neurochemical alterations observed after exposure to repeated psychostimulants may vary depending upon the experimental protocol and strain of animals, even though all laboratories report the presence of behavioral sensitization.

Design of Wide-Area Damping Controllers for Interarea Oscillations

Abstract: This paper develops a systematic procedure of designing a centralized damping control system for power grid interarea oscillations putting emphasis on the signal selection and control system structure assignment. Geometric measures of controllability/observability are used to select the most effective stabilizing signals and control locations. Line power flows and currents are found to be the most effective input signals. The synthesis of the controller is defined as a problem of mixed H 2/H infin output-feedback control with regional pole placement and is resolved by the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. A tuning process and nonlinear simulations are then used to modify the controller parameters to ensure the performance and robustness of the controller designed with linear techniques. The design process is tested on the New England 39-bus ten-machine system.

The nature of halogen...halogen synthons: crystallographic and theoretical studies.

Abstract: A study of the halogen···hal- ogen contacts in organic compounds using ab initio calculations and the re- sults of previously reported crystallo- graphic studies show that these interac- tions are controlled by electrostatics. These contacts can be represented by the geometric parameters of the C� X1···X2� C moieties (where q1 = C� X1···X2 and q2 = X1···X2 � C; ri = X1···X2 distance). The distributions of the con- tacts within the sum of van der Waals radii (rvdW) versus qi (q1 = q2) show a maximum at q � 1508 for X = Cl, Br, and I. This maximum is not seen in the distribution of F···F contacts. These re- sults are in good agreement with our ab initio calculations. The theoretical results show that the position of the maximum depends on three factors: 1) The type of halogen atom, 2) the hy- bridization of the ipso carbon atom, and 3) the nature of the other atoms that are bonded to the ipso carbon atom apart from the halogen atom. Calculations show that the strength of these contacts decreases in the follow- ing order: I···I > Br···Br > Cl···Cl. Their relative strengths decrease as a func- tion of the hybridization of the ipso carbon atom in the following order: sp 2 > sp > sp 3 . Attaching an electroneg- ative atom to the carbon atom strengthens the halogen···halogen con- tacts. An electrostatic model is pro- posed based on two assumptions: 1) The presence of a positive electrostatic end cap on the halogen atom (except for fluorine) and 2) the electronic charge is anisotropically distributed around the halogen atom.

Chitosan as a Component of Pea-Fusarium solani Interactions

Abstract: Chitosan, a polymer of β-1,4-linked glucosamine residues with a strong affinity for DNA, was implicated in the pea pod-Fusarium solani interaction as an elicitor of phytoalexin production, an inhibitor of fungal growth and a chemical which can protect pea tissue from infection by F. solani f. sp. pisi. Purified Fusarium fungal cell walls can elicit phytoalexin production in pea pod tissue. Enzymes from acetone powders of pea tissue release eliciting components from the F. solani f. sp. phaseoli cell walls. Hydrochloric acid-hydrolyzed F. solani cell walls are about 20% glucosamine. The actual chitosan content of F. solani cell walls is about 1%. However, chitosan assays and histochemical observations indicate that chitosan content of F. solani spores and adjacent pea cells increases following inoculation. Dormant F. solani spores also accumulate chitosan. Concentrations of nitrous acid-cleaved chitosan as low as 0.9 microgram per milliliter and 3 micrograms per milliliter elicit phytoalexin induction and inhibit germination of F. solani macroconidia, respectively. When chitosan is applied to pea pod tissue with or prior to F. solani f. sp. pisi, the tissue is protected from infection.