Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

About: Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology is a education organization based out in Topi, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Thin film & Quantum efficiency. The organization has 618 authors who have published 940 publications receiving 10674 citations.

Performance evaluation of broadcasting strategies in cognitive radio networks

Abstract: Broadcasting is an important phenomenon, because it serves as simplest mode of communication in a network, via which each node disseminates information to their neighboring nodes simultaneously. Broadcasting is widely used in various kind of networks, such as wireless sensor networks, wireless networks, and ad-hoc networks. Similarly, in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), broadcasting is also used to perform many tasks including neighbor discovery, spectrum mobility, spectrum sharing, and dissemination of message throughout the network. The traditional approach that has been used as broadcasting in CRNs is simple flooding in which a message is disseminated in the network without any strategy check. Simple flooding can cause major setbacks in the network, such as excessive redundant rebroadcasts, and collision drops which collectively are termed as broadcast storm problem. To reduce the effects of broadcast storm problem in wireless networks, we propose and compare four broadcasting strategies for cognitive radio networks in this paper. These four strategies are: (1) probability based, (2) counter based, (3) distance based, and (4) area based. Extensive NS-2 based simulations are carried out on different threshold values for each broadcasting strategy. After experimental evaluation, it is demonstrated that counter based broadcasting surpasses other broadcasting strategies by achieving maximum delivery ratio of 60% and by decreasing redundant rebroadcasts and collision drops up to 44 and 37% respectively.

Enhancing Performance of Image Retrieval Systems Using Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform and Support Vector Machines

Abstract: This paper presents a novel image retrieval system (SVMBIR) based on dual tree complex wavelet transform (CWT) and support vector machines (SVM). We have shown that how one can improve the performance of image retrieval systems by assuming two attributes. Firstly, images that user needs through query image are similar to a group of images with same conception. Secondly, there exists non-linear relationship between feature vectors of different images and can be exploited very efficiently with the use of support vector machines. At first level, for low level feature extraction we have used dual tree complex wavelet transform because recently it is proven to be one of the best for both texture and color based features. At second level to extract semantic concepts, we grouped images of typical classes with the use of one against all support vector machines. We have also shown how one can use a correlation based distance metric for comparison of SVM distance vectors. The experimental results on standard texture and color datasets show that the proposed approach has superior retrieval performance over the existing linear feature combining techniques.

Raman spectroscopy and microstructure of the pulsed laser-treated silver–anatase thick film

Abstract: The present research describes the effect of laser pulses on crystalline titanium dioxide thick film with self-adsorbed silver ions. Anatase film of up to 4 µm thickness was deposited on ITO glass by doctor-blading technique. The film was heated at 450 °C for 60 min and cooled before immersion in silver nitrate aqueous solution. After drying, films were subjected to nanosecond pulses of the excimer laser, and their structural, microstructural and optical properties were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis revealed the formation of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) dispersed in the anatase matrix. There was no significant change in the anatase structure as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The intensity of Raman signals from pristine anatase film was increased after the laser treatment of silver ions on the film. This observation is associated with the phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance conferred by the crystalline SNPs. The results obtained by the UV–visible spectroscopy also support the role of SNPs to enhance the photoabsorption of the anatase film in the visible region.

Compositionally graded AlGaN hole source layer for deep-ultraviolet nanowire light-emitting diode without electron blocking layer.

Abstract: The electron blocking layer (EBL) plays a vital role in blocking the electron overflow from an active region in the AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED). Besides the blocking of electron overflow, EBL reduces hole injection toward the active region. In this work, we proposed a DUV nanowire (NW) LED structure without EBL by replacing it with a compositionally continuous graded hole source layer (HSL). Our proposed graded HSL without EBL provides a better electron blocking effect and enhanced hole injection efficiency. As a result, optical power is improved by 48% and series resistance is reduced by 50% with 4.8 V threshold voltage. Moreover, graded HSL without EBL offer reduced electric field within the active region, which leads to a significant increment in radiative recombination rate and enhancement of spontaneous emission by 34% at 254 nm wavelength, as a result, 52% maximum internal quantum efficiency with 24% efficiency drop is reported.