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Regulation of RIPK1 activation by TAK1-mediated phosphorylation dictates apoptosis and necroptosis.

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TLDR
In this article, the authors show that TAK-induced phosphorylation of RIPK1 in the intermediate domain by TAK1 plays a key role in regulating this critical decision.
Abstract
Stimulation of TNFR1 by TNFα can promote three distinct alternative mechanisms of cell death: necroptosis, RIPK1-independent and -dependent apoptosis. How cells decide which way to die is unclear. Here, we report that TNFα-induced phosphorylation of RIPK1 in the intermediate domain by TAK1 plays a key role in regulating this critical decision. Using phospho-Ser321 as a marker, we show that the transient phosphorylation of RIPK1 intermediate domain induced by TNFα leads to RIPK1-independent apoptosis when NF-κB activation is inhibited by cycloheximide. On the other hand, blocking Ser321 phosphorylation promotes RIPK1 activation and its interaction with FADD to mediate RIPK1-dependent apoptosis (RDA). Finally, sustained phosphorylation of RIPK1 intermediate domain at multiple sites by TAK1 promotes its interaction with RIPK3 and necroptosis. Thus, absent, transient and sustained levels of TAK1-mediated RIPK1 phosphorylation may represent distinct states in TNF-RSC to dictate the activation of three alternative cell death mechanisms, RDA, RIPK1-independent apoptosis and necroptosis.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Lorenzo Galluzzi, +186 more
TL;DR: The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives.
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The molecular machinery of regulated cell death

TL;DR: The in-depth comprehension of each of these lethal subroutines and their intercellular consequences may uncover novel therapeutic targets for the avoidance of pathogenic cell loss.
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Caspase-8 induces cleavage of gasdermin D to elicit pyroptosis during Yersinia infection.

TL;DR: The results uncover a form of caspase-8–mediated pyroptosis and suggest a hypothesis for the increased sensitivity of humans to Yersinia infection compared with the rodent reservoir.
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Necroptosis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation in CNS diseases.

TL;DR: The evidence implicating necroptosis in neurological diseases is outlined and it is suggested that targeting RIPK1 might help to inhibit multiple cell death pathways and ameliorate neuroinflammation.
Journal ArticleDOI

Fundamental Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death and Implications for Heart Disease

TL;DR: The most important conclusion relevant to heart disease is that regulated forms of cardiomyocyte death play important roles in both myocardial infarction with reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) and heart failure.
References
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Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling

TL;DR: The authors synthesize some of the basic principles that have emerged from studies of NF-kappaB, and aim to generate a more unified view of the regulation of the transcription factor.
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Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that necroptosis contributes to delayed mouse ischemic brain injury in vivo through a mechanism distinct from that of apoptosis and offers a new therapeutic target for stroke with an extended window for neuroprotection.
Journal ArticleDOI

TAK1 is a ubiquitin-dependent kinase of MKK and IKK

TL;DR: The purification and identification of TRIKA2, which is composed of TAK1, TAB1 and TAB2, a protein kinase complex previously implicated in IKK activation through an unknown mechanism, indicate that ubiquitination has an important regulatory role in stress response pathways, including those of IKK and JNK.
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Identification of RIP1 kinase as a specific cellular target of necrostatins.

TL;DR: Necroptosis is a cellular mechanism of necrotic cell death induced by apoptotic stimuli in the form of death domain receptor engagement by their respective ligands under conditions where apoptotic execution is prevented and necrostatins are established as the first-in-class inhibitors of RIP1 kinase, the key upstream kinase involved in the activation of necroptosis.
Journal ArticleDOI

De-ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligase domains of A20 downregulate NF-κB signalling

TL;DR: A novel ubiquitin ligase domain is defined and two sequential mechanisms by which A20 downregulates NF-κB signalling are identified, both of which participate in mediating a distinct regulatory effect.
Related Papers (5)
Trending Questions (1)
How does apoptosis or necroptosis occur when TNFR1 is inhibited?

When TNFR1 is inhibited, apoptosis can occur through RIPK1-independent pathways, while necroptosis can occur through sustained phosphorylation of RIPK1 by TAK1.