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Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Cerebral Immune Cell Accumulation in Stroke

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TLDR
The peculiar activation pattern and massive increase of antigen-presenting cells in temporal conjunction with regulatory cells might provide additional insight into poststroke immune regulation.
Abstract
Background and Purpose— Ischemic stroke leads to significant morbidity and mortality in the Western world Early reperfusion strategies remain the treatment of choice but can initiate and augment an inflammatory response causing secondary brain damage The understanding of postischemic inflammation is very limited The objectives of this study were to define the temporal and spatial infiltration of immune cell populations and their activation patterns in a murine cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury model Methods— Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 1 hour followed by 12-hour to 7-day reperfusion in C57/BL6 mice Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to quantify the infiltrating immune cell subsets Results— Accumulation of microglia and infiltration of the ischemic hemisphere by macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) preceded the neutrophilic influx DCs were found to increase 20-fold and constituted a substantial proportion of infiltrating cells DCs exhi

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Dielectrophoretic characterization and separation of monocytes and macrophages using 3D carbon-electrodes.

TL;DR: 3D carbon‐electrode dielectrophoresis (carbon‐DEP) is presented as a separation tool for U937 monocytes and U 937 monocyte‐differentiated macrophages and advanced the usability and throughput of DEP separation, presented wider electrochemical stability.
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Roles of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.

TL;DR: The mechanisms of reperfusion injury and the various roles of SPMs in stroke therapy are summarized and accumulating evidence suggests that S PMs decrease leukocyte infiltration, enhance efferocytosis, reduce local neuronal injury, and decrease both oxidative stress and the production of inflammatory cytokines in various in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke.
Journal ArticleDOI

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) provides protection against endothelial cell dysfunction and death in ischemic stroke

TL;DR: Flow cytometry analysis showed that the protective effect of IVIg in ischemia and reperfusion injury in vivo is associated with reduced leukocyte infiltration, suggesting an involvement of the endothelium.
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Sigma-1 receptor activation alleviates blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vascular dementia mice

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that reversing BBB rupture through Sig‐1R activation may be another promising method for cerebral protection against IR injury, and the neuroprotective and BBB protective functions of PRE084 were blocked by BD1047.
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Current Approaches and Future Perspectives for Nanobodies in Stroke Diagnostic and Therapy

TL;DR: Recent findings on Nbs in preclinical stroke models are summarized and a perspective on the design of innovative Nb-based treatment protocols to complement and improve stroke therapy is provided.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view

TL;DR: This article provides a framework that can be used to generate testable hypotheses and treatment strategies that are linked to the appearance of specific pathophysiological events within the ischaemic brain.
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Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain

TL;DR: This review focuses on several key observations that illustrate the multi-faceted activities of microglia in the normal and pathologic brain.
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Taking dendritic cells into medicine

TL;DR: Some medical implications of DC biology that account for illness and provide opportunities for prevention and therapy are presented.
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The inflammatory response in stroke.

TL;DR: The role of specific cell types including leukocytes, endothelium, glia, microglia, the extracellular matrix and neurons, and mediators produced by inflammatory cells such as cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species and arachidonic acid metabolites are reviewed.
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A synthetic glycolipid prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing TH2 bias of natural killer T cells.

TL;DR: A synthetic glycolipid ligand for CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells expressing the semi-invariant T-cell receptor (Vα14+) is preventive against EAE and targeting NKT cells with this ligand may be an attractive means for intervening in human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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