Showing papers by "Drexel University published in 2014"
TL;DR: Electrochemical measurements can distinguish between different types of energy storage materials and their underlying mechanisms, used to recover power in cars and electric mass transit vehicles that would otherwise lose braking energy as heat.
Abstract: Electrochemical measurements can distinguish between different types of energy storage materials and their underlying mechanisms.
4,394 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new family of two-dimensional early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, called MXenes, was discovered and a detailed outlook for future research on MXenes is also presented.
Abstract: Recently a new, large family of two-dimensional (2D) early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, called MXenes, was discovered. MXenes are produced by selective etching of the A element from the MAX phases, which are metallically conductive, layered solids connected by strong metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds, such as Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ta4AlC3. MXenes combine the metallic conductivity of transition metal carbides with the hydrophilic nature of their hydroxyl or oxygen terminated surfaces. In essence, they behave as “conductive clays”. This article reviews progress—both experimental and theoretical—on their synthesis, structure, properties, intercalation, delamination, and potential applications. MXenes are expected to be good candidates for a host of applications. They have already shown promising performance in electrochemical energy storage systems. A detailed outlook for future research on MXenes is also presented.
3,973 citations
TL;DR: This capacitance report reports a method of producing two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid that offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.
Abstract: Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors--in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium. The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films. Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2, a member of the 'MXene' family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti3AlC2, a 'MAX' phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre. Here we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbide 'clay' have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. This capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report, and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.
3,783 citations
TL;DR: This first report (to the authors' knowledge) on MXene composites of any kind, shows that adding polymer binders/spacers between atomically thin MXenes layers or reinforcing polymers with MXenes results in composite films that have excellent flexibility, good tensile and compressive strengths, and electrical conductivity that can be adjusted over a wide range.
Abstract: MXenes, a new family of 2D materials, combine hydrophilic surfaces with metallic conductivity Delamination of MXene produces single-layer nanosheets with thickness of about a nanometer and lateral size of the order of micrometers The high aspect ratio of delaminated MXene renders it promising nanofiller in multifunctional polymer nanocomposites Herein, Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was mixed with either a charged polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) or an electrically neutral polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce Ti 3 C 2 T x /polymer composites The as-fabricated composites are flexible and have electrical conductivities as high as 22 × 10 4 S/m in the case of the Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVA composite film and 24 × 10 5 S/m for pure Ti 3 C 2 T x films The tensile strength of the Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVA composites was significantly enhanced compared with pure Ti 3 C 2 T x or PVA films The intercalation and confinement of the polymer between the MXene flakes not only increased flexibility but also enhanced cationic intercalation, offering an impressive volumetric capacitance of ∼530 F/cm 3 for MXene/PVA-KOH composite film at 2 mV/s To our knowledge, this study is a first, but crucial, step in exploring the potential of using MXenes in polymer-based multifunctional nanocomposites for a host of applications, such as structural components, energy storage devices, wearable electronics, electrochemical actuators, and radiofrequency shielding, to name a few
1,545 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the recent advances in fabrication of materials and devices and provided a critical analysis of reported performances of micro-supercapacitors, including intrinsic properties of electrode materials and electrolyte, architectural design of the device and fabrication methods.
Abstract: Miniaturized energy storage is essential for the continuous development and further miniaturization of electronic devices. Electrochemical capacitors (ECs), also called supercapacitors, are energy storage devices with a high power density, fast charge and discharge rates, and long service life. Small-scale supercapacitors, or micro-supercapacitors, can be integrated with microelectronic devices to work as stand-alone power sources or as efficient energy storage units complementing batteries and energy harvesters, leading to wider use of these devices in many industries. In recent years, the research in this field has rapidly advanced and micro-supercapacitors with improved storage capacity and power density have been developed. The important factors affecting the performance of micro-supercapacitors are the intrinsic properties of electrode materials and electrolyte, architectural design of the device and the fabrication methods. This paper reviews the recent advances in fabrication of materials and devices and provides a critical analysis of reported performances of micro-supercapacitors.
1,118 citations
TL;DR: L lithiated oxygen terminated MXenes surfaces are able to adsorb additional Li beyond a monolayer, providing a mechanism to substantially increase capacity, as observed mainly in delaminated MXenes and confirmed by DFT calculations and XAS.
Abstract: A combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments is used to shed light on the relation between surface structure and Li-ion storage capacities of the following functionalized two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides or MXenes: Sc2C, Ti2C, Ti3C2, V2C, Cr2C, and Nb2C The Li-ion storage capacities are found to strongly depend on the nature of the surface functional groups, with O groups exhibiting the highest theoretical Li-ion storage capacities MXene surfaces can be initially covered with OH groups, removable by high-temperature treatment or by reactions in the first lithiation cycle This was verified by annealing f-Nb2C and f-Ti3C2 at 673 and 773 K in vacuum for 40 h and in situ X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Li capacity measurements for the first lithiation/delithiation cycle of f-Ti3C2 The high-temperature removal of water and OH was confirmed using X-ray diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering The voltage profile and X-ray adsorption near edge struc
1,070 citations
TL;DR: Compared to materials currently used in high-rate Li and Na ion battery anodes, MXene shows promise in increasing overall battery performance and is predicted by first-principles density functional calculations.
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2-D) materials are capable of handling high rates of charge in batteries since metal ions do not need to diffuse in a 3-D lattice structure. However, graphene, which is the most well-studied 2-D material, is known to have no Li capacity. Here, adsorption of Li, as well as Na, K, and Ca, on Ti3C2, one representative MXene, is predicted by first-principles density functional calculations. In our study, we observed that these alkali atoms exhibit different adsorption energies depending on the coverage. The adsorption energies of Na, K, and Ca decrease as coverage increases, while Li shows little sensitivity to variance in coverage. This observed relationship between adsorption energies and coverage of alkali ions on Ti3C2 can be explained by their effective ionic radii. A larger effective ionic radius increases interaction between alkali atoms, thus lower coverage is obtained. Our calculated capacities for Li, Na, K, and Ca on Ti3C2 are 447.8, 351.8, 191.8, and 319.8 mAh/g, respectively. Com...
1,053 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe MXenes, early transition metal carbides or carbonitrides resulting from the selective removal of the A element from ternary carbides called MAX phases like Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, or Ta4AlC3.
Abstract: Review: MXenes: early transition metal carbides or carbonitrides resulting from the selective removal of the A element from ternary carbides called MAX phases like Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, or Ta4AlC3; 70 refs.
1,026 citations
TL;DR: This work reports on the fabrication of ∼1 × 1 cm2 Ti3C2 films by selective etching of Al, from sputter-deposited epitaxial Ti3AlC 2 films, in aqueous HF or NH4HF2, and opens the door for the use of MXenes in electronic, photonic, and sensing applications.
Abstract: Since the discovery of graphene, the quest for two-dimensional (2D) materials has intensified greatly. Recently, a new family of 2D transition metal carbides and carbonitrides (MXenes) was discovered that is both conducting and hydrophilic, an uncommon combination. To date MXenes have been produced as powders, flakes, and colloidal solutions. Herein, we report on the fabrication of ∼1 × 1 cm2 Ti3C2 films by selective etching of Al, from sputter-deposited epitaxial Ti3AlC2 films, in aqueous HF or NH4HF2. Films that were about 19 nm thick, etched with NH4HF2, transmit ∼90% of the light in the visible-to-infrared range and exhibit metallic conductivity down to ∼100 K. Below 100 K, the films’ resistivity increases with decreasing temperature and they exhibit negative magnetoresistance—both observations consistent with a weak localization phenomenon characteristic of many 2D defective solids. This advance opens the door for the use of MXenes in electronic, photonic, and sensing applications.
1,015 citations
TL;DR: Substantial evidence is provided that substituting high-quality simulation experiences for up to half of traditional clinical hours produces comparable end-of-program educational outcomes and new graduates that are ready for clinical practice.
952 citations
Max Planck Society1, Centre national de la recherche scientifique2, Masaryk University3, University of Navarra4, Drexel University5, Zhejiang University6, Royal Institute of Technology7, Curie Institute8, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation9, Pasteur Institute10, Leiden University11, Chung Yuan Christian University12
TL;DR: Although no single method performed best across all scenarios, the results revealed clear differences between the various approaches, leading to notable practical conclusions for users and developers.
Abstract: Particle tracking is of key importance for quantitative analysis of intracellular dynamic processes from time-lapse microscopy image data. Because manually detecting and following large numbers of individual particles is not feasible, automated computational methods have been developed for these tasks by many groups. Aiming to perform an objective comparison of methods, we gathered the community and organized an open competition in which participating teams applied their own methods independently to a commonly defined data set including diverse scenarios. Performance was assessed using commonly defined measures. Although no single method performed best across all scenarios, the results revealed clear differences between the various approaches, leading to notable practical conclusions for users and developers.
Charité1, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute3, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust4, Paul Sabatier University5, University of Manchester6, Newcastle University7, University of Toronto8, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust9, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven10, University of Kiel11, University College London12, Drexel University13, University of Cambridge14, Geisinger Medical Center15, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust16, University of Bristol17, Columbia University18, University of Oxford19, Radboud University Nijmegen20, University of Oregon21, Aberystwyth University22, Max Planck Society23
TL;DR: The updated HPO database is described, which provides annotations of 7,278 human hereditary syndromes listed in OMIM, Orphanet and DECIPHER to classes of the HPO, allowing integration of existing datasets and interoperability with multiple biomedical resources.
Abstract: The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) project, available at http://www.human-phenotype-ontology.org, provides a structured, comprehensive and well-defined set of 10,088 classes (terms) describing human phenotypic abnormalities and 13,326 subclass relations between the HPO classes. In addition we have developed logical definitions for 46% of all HPO classes using terms from ontologies for anatomy, cell types, function, embryology, pathology and other domains. This allows interoperability with several resources, especially those containing phenotype information on model organisms such as mouse and zebrafish. Here we describe the updated HPO database, which provides annotations of 7,278 human hereditary syndromes listed in OMIM, Orphanet and DECIPHER to classes of the HPO. Various meta-attributes such as frequency, references and negations are associated with each annotation. Several large-scale projects worldwide utilize the HPO for describing phenotype information in their datasets. We have therefore generated equivalence mappings to other phenotype vocabularies such as LDDB, Orphanet, MedDRA, UMLS and phenoDB, allowing integration of existing datasets and interoperability with multiple biomedical resources. We have created various ways to access the HPO database content using flat files, a MySQL database, and Web-based tools. All data and documentation on the HPO project can be found online.
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, called MXene nanosheets, are predicted to serve as highperforming anodes for non-lithium-ion batteries by combined first-principles simulations and experimental measurements.
Abstract: Rechargeable non-lithium-ion (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Al3+) batteries have attracted great attention as emerging low-cost and high energy-density technologies for large-scale renewable energy storage applications. However, the development of these batteries is hindered by the limited choice of high-performance electrode materials. In this work, MXene nanosheets, a class of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, are predicted to serve as high-performing anodes for non-lithium-ion batteries by combined first-principles simulations and experimental measurements. Both O-terminated and bare MXenes are shown to be promising anode materials with high capacities and good rate capabilities, while bare MXenes show better performance. Our experiments clearly demonstrate the feasibility of Na- and K-ion intercalation into terminated MXenes. Moreover, stable multilayer adsorption is predicted for Mg and Al, which significantly increases their theoretical capacities. We also show that O-terminated MXenes can decom...
Oregon Health & Science University1, Harvard University2, Drexel University3, Primary Children's Hospital4, University of Utah5, University of California, San Francisco6, Boston Children's Hospital7, University of Colorado Denver8, University of Cincinnati9, University of Toronto10, Stanford University11, University of Hawaii at Manoa12, Washington University in St. Louis13, Baylor College of Medicine14, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences15
TL;DR: Implementation of the handoff program was associated with reductions in medical errors and in preventable adverse events and with improvements in communication, without a negative effect on workflow.
Abstract: We conducted a prospective intervention study of a resident handoff-improvement program in nine hospitals, measuring rates of medical errors, preventable adverse events, and miscommunications, as well as resident workflow. The intervention included a mnemonic to standardize oral and written handoffs, handoff and communication training, a faculty development and observation program, and a sustainability campaign. Error rates were measured through active surveillance. Handoffs were assessed by means of evaluation of printed handoff documents and audio recordings. Workflow was assessed through time–motion observations. The primary outcome had two components: medical errors and preventable adverse events. RESULTS In 10,740 patient admissions, the medical-error rate decreased by 23% from the preintervention period to the postintervention period (24.5 vs. 18.8 per 100 admissions, P<0.001), and the rate of preventable adverse events decreased by 30% (4.7 vs. 3.3 events per 100 admissions, P<0.001). The rate of nonpreventable adverse events did not change significantly (3.0 and 2.8 events per 100 admissions, P = 0.79). Sitelevel analyses showed significant error reductions at six of nine sites. Across sites, significant increases were observed in the inclusion of all prespecified key elements in written documents and oral communication during handoff (nine written and five oral elements; P<0.001 for all 14 comparisons). There were no significant changes from the preintervention period to the postintervention period in the duration of oral handoffs (2.4 and 2.5 minutes per patient, respectively; P = 0.55) or in resident workflow, including patient–family contact and computer time. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the handoff program was associated with reductions in medical errors and in preventable adverse events and with improvements in communication, without a negative effect on workflow. (Funded by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and others.)
TL;DR: It is shown that microbial-specific indoles regulated intestinal barrier function through the xenobiotic sensor, pregnane X receptor (PXR), and a direct chemical communication between the intestinal symbionts and PXR regulates mucosal integrity through a pathway that involves luminal sensing and signaling by TLR4.
TL;DR: It is shown that heating 2D Ti3C2 in air results in TiO2 nanocrystals enmeshed in thin sheets of disordered graphitic carbon structures that can handle extremely high cycling rates when tested as anodes in lithium ion batteries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of organic molecules in aqueous environments containing Ti3C2Tx, a representative of the MXene family, was reported.
Abstract: Recently a large family of two-dimensional (2D) layered early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides – labelled MXene – possessing metallic conductivity and hydrophilic surfaces was discovered. Herein we report on the adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of organic molecules in aqueous environments containing Ti3C2Tx, a representative of the MXene family. This material possesses excellent adsorption toward cationic dyes, best described by a Freundlich isotherm. We also found that the material may undergo structural changes in aqueous media.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed two measures of board composition to investigate whether directors appointed by the CEO have allegiance to the CEO and decrease their monitoring, i.e., turnover-performance sensitivity diminishes, pay increases (without commensurate increase in payperformance sensitivity), and investment increases.
Abstract: We develop two measures of board composition to investigate whether directors appointed by the CEO have allegiance to the CEO and decrease their monitoring. Co-option is the fraction of the board comprised of directors appointed after the CEO assumed office. As Co-option increases, board monitoring decreases: turnover-performance sensitivity diminishes, pay increases (without commensurate increase in pay-performance sensitivity), and investment increases. Non-Co-opted Independence�the fraction of directors who are independent and were appointed before the CEO�has more explanatory power for monitoring effectiveness than the conventional measure of board independence. Our results suggest that not all independent directors are effective monitors.
TL;DR: In this paper, an up-to-date overview of research on application of building energy modeling methods in optimal control for single building and multiple buildings is also summarized in this paper, and different model-based and model-free optimization methods for building energy system operation are reviewed and compared.
Abstract: Buildings consume about 41.1% of primary energy and 74% of the electricity in the U.S. Better or even optimal building energy control and operation strategies provide great opportunities to reduce building energy consumption. Moreover, it is estimated by the National Energy Technology Laboratory that more than one-fourth of the 713 GW of U.S. electricity demand in 2010 could be dispatchable if only buildings could respond to that dispatch through advanced building energy control and operation strategies and smart grid infrastructure. Energy forecasting models for building energy systems are essential to building energy control and operation. Three general categories of building energy forecasting models have been reported in the literature which include white-box (physics-based), black-box (data-driven), and gray-box (combination of physics based and data-driven) modeling approaches. This paper summarizes the existing efforts in this area as well as other critical areas related to building energy modeling, such as short-term weather forecasting. An up-to-date overview of research on application of building energy modeling methods in optimal control for single building and multiple buildings is also summarized in this paper. Different model-based and model-free optimization methods for building energy system operation are reviewed and compared in this paper. Agent based modeling, as a new modeling strategy, has made a remarkable progress in distributed energy systems control and optimization in the past years. The research literature on application of agent based model in building energy system control and operation is also identified and discussed in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview and perspective on the field of textile energy storage with a specific emphasis on devices made from textiles or made as a fabric themselves. And the focus is on coated, fibre, woven as well as knitted supercapacitors and batteries.
Abstract: Research on flexible and wearable electronics has been gaining momentum in recent years, ranging in use from medical to military and everyday consumer applications. Yet to date, textile electronics still lack integrated energy storage solutions. This paper provides an overview and perspective on the field of textile energy storage with a specific emphasis on devices made from textiles or made as a fabric themselves. While other types of flexible energy storage devices are discussed, the focus is on coated, fibre, woven as well as knitted supercapacitors and batteries.
TL;DR: The need for refinement of MCI diagnoses to incorporate more comprehensive neuropsychological methods is supported, with resulting gains in empirical characterization of specific cognitive phenotypes, biomarker associations, stability of diagnoses, and prediction of progression.
Abstract: We compared two methods of diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI): conventional Petersen/Winblad criteria as operationalized by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and an actuarial neuropsychological method put forward by Jak and Bondi designed to balance sensitivity and reliability. 1,150 ADNI participants were diagnosed at baseline as cognitively normal (CN) or MCI via ADNI criteria (MCI: n = 846; CN: n = 304) or Jak/Bondi criteria (MCI: n = 401; CN: n = 749), and the two MCI samples were submitted to cluster and discriminant function analyses. Resulting cluster groups were then compared and further examined for APOE allelic frequencies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker levels, and clinical outcomes. Results revealed that both criteria produced a mildly impaired Amnestic subtype and a more severely impaired Dysexecutive/Mixed subtype. The neuropsychological Jak/Bondi criteria uniquely yielded a third Impaired Language subtype, whereas conventional Petersen/Winblad ADNI criteria produced a third subtype comprising nearly one-third of the sample that performed within normal limits across the cognitive measures, suggesting this method's susceptibility to false positive diagnoses. MCI participants diagnosed via neuropsychological criteria yielded dissociable cognitive phenotypes, significant CSF AD biomarker associations, more stable diagnoses, and identified greater percentages of participants who progressed to dementia than conventional MCI diagnostic criteria. Importantly, the actuarial neuropsychological method did not produce a subtype that performed within normal limits on the cognitive testing, unlike the conventional diagnostic method. Findings support the need for refinement of MCI diagnoses to incorporate more comprehensive neuropsychological methods, with resulting gains in empirical characterization of specific cognitive phenotypes, biomarker associations, stability of diagnoses, and prediction of progression. Refinement of MCI diagnostic methods may also yield gains in biomarker and clinical trial study findings because of improvements in sample compositions of 'true positive' cases and removal of 'false positive' cases.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1, University of Zurich2, University of California, Irvine3, Paris Diderot University4, Drexel University5, Brookhaven National Laboratory6, University of Washington7, New Mexico State University8, University of Utah9, Harvard University10, University of Florida11, Max Planck Society12, Ohio State University13, University of Wyoming14, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris15, University of Chile16, Pennsylvania State University17, INAF18, University of Chicago19
TL;DR: This article measured the large-scale cross-correlation of quasars with the Lyα forest absorption, using over 164,000 quaars from Data Release 11 of the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey.
Abstract: Author(s): Font-Ribera, A; Kirkby, D; Busca, N; Miralda-Escude, J; Ross, NP; Slosar, A; Rich, J; Aubourg, E; Bailey, S; Bhardwaj, V; Bautista, J; Beutler, F; Bizyaev, D; Blomqvist, M; Brewington, H; Brinkmann, J; Brownstein, JR; Carithers, B; Dawson, KS; Delubac, T; Ebelke, G; Eisenstein, DJ; Ge, J; Kinemuchi, K; Lee, KG; Malanushenko, V; Malanushenko, E; Marchante, M; Margala, D; Muna, D; Myers, AD; Noterdaeme, P; Oravetz, D; Palanque-Delabrouille, N; Pâris, I; Petitjean, P; Pieri, MM; Rossi, G; Schneider, DP; Simmons, A; Viel, M; Yeche, C; York, DG | Abstract: We measure the large-scale cross-correlation of quasars with the Lyα forest absorption, using over 164,000 quasars from Data Release 11 of the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. We extend the previous study of roughly 60,000 quasars from Data Release 9 to larger separations, allowing a measurement of the Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) scale along the line of sight c/(H(z = 2.36)rs) = 9.0±0.3 and across the line of sight DA (z = 2.36)/rs = 10.8±0.4, consistent with CMB and other BAO data. Using the best fit value of the sound horizon from Planck data (rs = 147.49 Mpc), we can translate these results to a measurement of the Hubble parameter of H(z = 2.36) = 226±8 km s -1 Mpc-1 and of the angular diameter distance of D A (z = 2.36) = 1590±60 Mpc. The measured cross-correlation function and an update of the code to fit the BAO scale (baofit) are made publicly available.©2014 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl.
TL;DR: The structure of this, only second MXene with formula M4X3, was investigated with pair distribution function analysis, and the resistivity of a cold-pressed disc was 0.0046 Ω m, rendering this MXene one of the most conductive to date.
TL;DR: The new review identifies emerging trends and new developments appearing in the literature of regenerative medicine based on relevant articles and reviews published between 2000 and the first month of 2014.
Abstract: Introduction: Our previous scientometric review of regenerative medicine provides a snapshot of the fast-growing field up to the end of 2011. The new review identifies emerging trends and new devel...
TL;DR: The present review discusses some of the challenges associated with the evaluation and predictive validation of animal models, as well as methodological flaws in both preclinical and clinical study designs that may contribute to the current translational failure rate.
TL;DR: This paper conducted an analysis of the financial resource mobilization of the organizations that make up the climate change counter-movement (CCCM) in the United States using IRS data and found that the overwhelming majority of the philanthropic support comes from conservative foundations.
Abstract: This paper conducts an analysis of the financial resource mobilization of the organizations that make up the climate change counter-movement (CCCM) in the United States. Utilizing IRS data, total annual income is compiled for a sample of CCCM organizations (including advocacy organizations, think tanks, and trade associations). These data are coupled with IRS data on philanthropic foundation funding of these CCCM organizations contained in the Foundation Center’s data base. This results in a data sample that contains financial information for the time period 2003 to 2010 on the annual income of 91 CCCM organizations funded by 140 different foundations. An examination of these data shows that these 91 CCCM organizations have an annual income of just over $900 million, with an annual average of $64 million in identifiable foundation support. The overwhelming majority of the philanthropic support comes from conservative foundations. Additionally, there is evidence of a trend toward concealing the sources of CCCM funding through the use of donor directed philanthropies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of Ti3C2, a two-dimensional titanium carbide from the MXene family, in H2SO4 electrolyte is reported.
TL;DR: An overview of the many potential uses of mobile applications as a means to facilitate ongoing care at various stages of treatment and recommendations for methods to include mobile applications into current treatment are provided.
Abstract: The increased popularity and functionality of mobile devices has a number of implications for the delivery of mental health services. Effective use of mobile applications has the potential to (a) increase access to evidence-based care; (b) better inform consumers of care and more actively engage them in treatment; (c) increase the use of evidence-based practices; and (d) enhance care after formal treatment has concluded. The current paper presents an overview of the many potential uses of mobile applications as a means to facilitate ongoing care at various stages of treatment. Examples of current mobileapplicationsinbehaviouraltreatmentandresearcharedescribed,andtheimplicationsofsuchuses are discussed. Finally, we provide recommendations for methods to include mobile applications into current treatment and outline future directions for evaluation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: Mobile devices are becoming increasingly common among the adult population and have tremendous potential to advance clinical care. Mobile applications have the potential to enhance clinical care at stages of treatment—from engaging patients in clinical care to facilitating adherence to practices and in maintaining treatment gains. Research is needed to validate the efficacy and effectiveness of mobile applications in clinical practice. Research on such devices must incorporate assessments of usability and adherence in addition to their incremental benefit to treatment.
TL;DR: Biological templates have been used to demonstrate that wickability is the single factor dictating CHF on structured superhydrophilic surfaces and provides a framework for designing and optimizing coatings for further enhancement.
Abstract: While superhydrophilic coatings with enhanced wetting properties have been shown to increase the pool boiling critical heat flux (CHF), the role of nanostructures on its enhancement is not clear. Here, biological templates have been used to demonstrate that wickability is the single factor dictating CHF on structured superhydrophilic surfaces. The flexibility of biotemplating using the Tobacco mosaic virus has been leveraged to create surfaces with varying scales, morphologies, and roughness factors. Their wickabilities have been quantified via the wicked volume flux, a phenomenological parameter analogous to the contact angle, and the role of wickability on CHF has been demonstrated using data from over three dozen individual surfaces. These results are repeatable and independent of the substrate material, surface fouling, structure material, morphology, and contact angle as well as the structure scale. An experimentally validated correlation for CHF has been reported on the basis of the dimensionless wickability. Additionally, the surfaces have achieved a CHF of 257 W/cm(2) for water, representing the highest reported value to date for superhydrophilic surfaces. While the role of wickability on CHF has often been cited anecdotally, this work provides a quantitative measure of the phenomena and provides a framework for designing and optimizing coatings for further enhancement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine frontline employees responses to corporate social responsibility (CSR) using a multisourced data set at a Global 500 financial services company and find that frontline employees identify with the organization and with customers as a function of how much the employees perceive management and customers to support the company's CSR activities.
Abstract: This study examines frontline employee responses to corporate social responsibility (CSR) using a multisourced data set at a Global 500 financial services company. The authors find that frontline employees identify with the organization (i.e., organizational identification) and with customers (i.e., employee–customer identification) as a function of how much the employees perceive management and customers (respectively) to support the company's CSR activities. However, these respective effects are stronger among employees for whom CSR is already tied to their sense of self (i.e., CSR importance to the employee). In addition, both organizational identification and employee–customer identification are related to supervisor-rated job performance; however, only the effect of employee–customer identification is mediated by customer orientation, suggesting that these two targets of identification manifest through distinct mechanisms. The research empirically addresses the open questions of whether and when CSR ...