San Diego State University

About: San Diego State University is a education organization based out in San Diego, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 12418 authors who have published 27950 publications receiving 1192375 citations. The organization is also known as: SDSU & San Diego State College.

Social Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior

Abstract: Two studies demonstrated that greater identification with a group was associated with more positive emotions for members who conformed with versus violated the group's norms. These effects were found with injunctive norms, which specify what members should do or what they ideally would do, but emerged less consistently with descriptive norms, which specify what members typically do. Descriptive norms affected emotional responses when they acquired identity-relevance by differentiating an important ingroup from a rival outgroup. For these descriptive norms, much like injunctive norms, greater identification yielded more positive emotions following conformity than violation. The authors suggest that positive emotions and self-evaluations underlie conformity with the norms of self-defining groups.

Aggressive behaviors within polities, 1948-1962: a cross - national study 1:

Abstract: A recent trend in behavioral research is the systematic and empirical analysis of conflict behaviors both within and among nations. External conflict behaviors among nations are typified by wars, embargoes, interruption of diplomatic relations, and other behaviors indicative of aggression between national political systems. Internal conflict behaviors within nations, on the other hand, consist of such events as demonstrations, riots, coups å état, guerrilla warfare, and others denoting the relative instability of political systems. There are a few studies which have attempted systematic empirical analyses of internal conflict, more or less broadly based

Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

Abstract: Implicit prejudice is malleable, but does that change last? We tested nine interventions (eight real and one sham) that have been demonstrated to reduce implicit racial prejudice temporarily to determine whether their effects also persisted over time. In two studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all nine interventions immediately reduced implicit prejudice, but none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial prejudice and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit prejudice does not necessarily lead to longterm change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit attitudes.

Where are youth active? Roles of proximity, active transport, and built environment.

Abstract: GROW, H. M., B. E. SAELENS, J. KERR, N. H. DURANT, G. J. NORMAN, and J. F. SALLIS. Where Are Youth Active? Roles of Proximity, Active Transport, and Built Environment. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 2071–2079, 2008. Purpose: This study examined factors related to two sources of physical activity for youth: active use of recreation sites and active transport to recreation sites. Methods: Parents of children (n = 87) and matched pairs of parents and adolescents (n = 124 pairs) in three US cities reported on youths’ active use of, proximity to, and walking/biking to 12 recreation sites and on neighborhood walkability and safety. Multivariate regression models evaluated factors associated with youths’ frequent site use and active transport to sites. Results: Proximity to the site was associated with frequent use of large parks and public open space. Walking/biking to the site was associated with frequent use of most sites (indoor recreation sites, small and large parks, basketball courts, walking/running tracks, school recreation sites, playgrounds, and public open space). After controlling for proximity and demographic factors, active transport to sites remained significantly associated (P G 0.05) with frequent use of four sites for children (indoor recreation, walking/running tracks, school recreation facilities, and public open space) and all but three sites for adolescents (indoor recreation, playfields/courts, and beach/ lake/rivers). Adolescents’ active transport to more sites was most positively related to higher perceived traffic safety and to better pedestrian infrastructure and was negatively related to crime threat. Adolescents with driver’s licenses walked/biked to recreation sites less often. Conclusions: Active transport was strongly associated with the use of multiple recreation sites by children and adolescents, even when accounting for proximity and demographic factors. Adolescents living in neighborhoods with better traffic safety walked/ biked to more recreation sites for physical activity. Findings support the need for built environments and transportation policies that

On the source of the dust extinction in type Ia supernovae and the discovery of anomalously strong Na i absorption

Abstract: High-dispersion observations of the Na I D λλ5890, 5896 and K I λλ7665, 7699 interstellar lines, and the diffuse interstellar band at 5780 A in the spectra of 32 Type Ia supernovae are used as an independent means of probing dust extinction. We show that the dust extinction of the objects where the diffuse interstellar band at 5780 A is detected is consistent with the visual extinction derived from the supernova colors. This strongly suggests that the dust producing the extinction is predominantly located in the interstellar medium of the host galaxies and not in circumstellar material associated with the progenitor system. One quarter of the supernovae display anomalously large Na I column densities in comparison to the amount of dust extinction derived from their colors. Remarkably, all of the cases of unusually strong Na I D absorption correspond to "Blueshifted" profiles in the classification scheme of Sternberg et al. This coincidence suggests that outflowing circumstellar gas is responsible for at least some of the cases of anomalously large Na I column densities. Two supernovae with unusually strong Na I D absorption showed essentially normal K I column densities for the dust extinction implied by their colors, but this does not appear to be a universal characteristic. Overall, we find the most accurate predictor of individual supernova extinction to be the equivalent width of the diffuse interstellar band at 5780 A, and provide an empirical relation for its use. Finally, we identify ways of producing significant enhancements of the Na abundance of circumstellar material in both the single-degenerate and double-degenerate scenarios for the progenitor system. © 2013. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..