Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis
Francis Martin,Annegret Kohler,Claude Murat,Raffaella Balestrini,Pedro M. Coutinho,Olivier Jaillon,Barbara Montanini,Emmanuelle Morin,Benjamin Noel,Riccardo Percudani,Bettina Porcel,Andrea Rubini,Antonella Amicucci,Joelle Amselem,Véronique Anthouard,Sergio Arcioni,François Artiguenave,Jean-Marc Aury,Paola Ballario,Angelo Bolchi,Andrea Brenna,Annick Brun,Marc Buée,Brandi L. Cantarel,Gérard Chevalier,Arnaud Couloux,Corinne Da Silva,Sébastien Duplessis,Stefano Ghignone,Benoît Hilselberger,Mirco Iotti,Benoit Marçais,Antonietta Mello,Michele Miranda,Giovanni Pacioni,Hadi Quesneville,Claudia Riccioni,Roberta Ruotolo,Richard Splivallo,Vilberto Stocchi,Emilie Tisserant,Arturo R. Viscomi,Alessandra Zambonelli,Elisa Zampieri,Bernard Henrissat,Marc-Henri Lebrun,Francesco Paolocci,Paola Bonfante,Simone Ottonello,Patrick Wincker +49 more
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The sequence of the haploid genome of T. melanosporum is reported, which at ∼125 megabases is the largest and most complex fungal genome sequenced so far and results from a proliferation of transposable elements accounting for ∼58% of the genome.Abstract:
The Perigord black truffle ($Tuber\ melanosporum$ Vittad.) and the Piedmont white truffle dominate today's truffle market. The hypogeous fruiting body of $T.\ melanosporum$ is a gastronomic delicacy produced by an ectomycorrhizal symbiont endemic to calcareous soils in southern Europe. The worldwide demand for this truffle has fuelled intense efforts at cultivation. Identification of processes that condition and trigger fruit body and symbiosis formation, ultimately leading to efficient crop production, will be facilitated by a thorough analysis of truffle genomic traits. In the ectomycorrhizal $Laccaria\ bicolor$, the expansion of gene families may have acted as a 'symbiosis toolbox'. This feature may however reflect evolution of this particular taxon and not a general trait shared by all ectomycorrhizal species. To get a better understanding of the biology and evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, we report here the sequence of the haploid genome of $T.\ melanosporum$, which at $\sim$125 megabases is the largest and most complex fungal genome sequenced so far. This expansion results from a proliferation of transposable elements accounting for $\sim$58% of the genome. In contrast, this genome only contains $\sim$7,500 protein-coding genes with very rare multigene families. It lacks large sets of carbohydrate cleaving enzymes, but a few of them involved in degradation of plant cell walls are induced in symbiotic tissues. The latter feature and the upregulation of genes encoding for lipases and multicopper oxidases suggest that $T.\ melanosporum$ degrades its host cell walls during colonization. Symbiosis induces an increased expression of carbohydrate and amino acid transporters in both $L.\ bicolor$ and $T.\ melanosporum$, but the comparison of genomic traits in the two ectomycorrhizal fungi showed that genetic predispositions for symbiosis $-$'the symbiosis toolbox'$-$ evolved along different ways in ascomycetes and basidiomycetesread more
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Heavy metals in soils : trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the sources of heavy metals and metalloids in Soils and derived methods for the determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in soil.
Journal ArticleDOI
The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes
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TL;DR: Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species.
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Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future
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Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis
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Genomic Analysis of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea
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TL;DR: Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, and shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating.
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