A Discovery Resource of Rare Copy Number Variations in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aparna Prasad,Daniele Merico,Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram,John Wei,Anath C. Lionel,Anath C. Lionel,Daisuke Sato,Jessica Rickaby,Chao Lu,Peter Szatmari,Wendy Roberts,Bridget A. Fernandez,Christian R. Marshall,Christian R. Marshall,Eli Hatchwell,Peggy S. Eis,Stephen W. Scherer,Stephen W. Scherer +17 more
TLDR
Of the 615 ASD cases analyzed on both SNP and CGH arrays, it was found that 13,572 of 21,346 of the CNVs were exclusively detected by the CGH array, which serves as an invaluable resource for the next step of genome sequencing for complete genetic variation detection.Abstract:
The identification of rare inherited and de novo copy number variations (CNVs) in human subjects has proven a productive approach to highlight risk genes for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A variety of microarrays are available to detect CNVs, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays. Here, we examine a cohort of 696 unrelated ASD cases using a high-resolution one-million feature CGH microarray, the majority of which were previously genotyped with SNP arrays. Our objective was to discover new CNVs in ASD cases that were not detected by SNP microarray analysis and to delineate novel ASD risk loci via combined analysis of CGH and SNP array data sets on the ASD cohort and CGH data on an additional 1000 control samples. Of the 615 ASD cases analyzed on both SNP and CGH arrays, we found that 13,572 of 21,346 (64%) of the CNVs were exclusively detected by the CGH array. Several of the CGH-specific CNVs are rare in population frequency and impact previously reported ASD genes (e.g., NRXN1, GRM8, DPYD), as well as novel ASD candidate genes (e.g., CIB2, DAPP1, SAE1), and all were inherited except for a de novo CNV in the GPHN gene. A functional enrichment test of gene-sets in ASD cases over controls revealed nucleotide metabolism as a potential novel pathway involved in ASD, which includes several candidate genes for follow-up (e.g., DPYD, UPB1, UPP1, TYMP). Finally, this extensively phenotyped and genotyped ASD clinical cohort serves as an invaluable resource for the next step of genome sequencing for complete genetic variation detection.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Finding the Genomic Basis of Local Adaptation: Pitfalls, Practical Solutions, and Future Directions.
Sean Hoban,Joanna L. Kelley,Katie E. Lotterhos,Michael F. Antolin,Gideon S. Bradburd,David B. Lowry,Mary L. Poss,Laura K. Reed,Andrew Storfer,Michael C. Whitlock +9 more
TL;DR: The promises and challenges of these genome scan methods are reviewed, including correcting for the confounding influence of a species’ demographic history, biases caused by missing aspects of the genome, matching scales of environmental data with population structure, and other statistical considerations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Meta-analysis of GWAS of over 16,000 individuals with autism spectrum disorder highlights a novel locus at 10q24.32 and a significant overlap with schizophrenia
Richard Anney,Richard Anney,Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Verneri Anttila,Jakob Grove,Jakob Grove,Peter Holmans,Hailiang Huang,Hailiang Huang,Lambertus Klei,Phil Lee,Phil Lee,Sarah E. Medland,Benjamin M. Neale,Benjamin M. Neale,Elise Robinson,Elise Robinson,Lauren A. Weiss,Lonnie Zwaigenbaum,Timothy W. Yu,Kerstin Wittemeyer,A. Jeremy Willsey,Ellen M. Wijsman,Thomas Werge,Thomas Werge,Thomas Werge,Thomas H. Wassink,Regina Waltes,Christopher A. Walsh,Christopher A. Walsh,Christopher A. Walsh,Simon Wallace,Jacob A. S. Vorstman,Veronica J. Vieland,Astrid M. Vicente,Herman Vanengeland,Kathryn Tsang,Kathryn Tsang,Ann P. Thompson,Peter Szatmari,Oscar Svantesson,Stacy Steinberg,K. Stefansson,Hreinn Stefansson,Matthew W. State,Latha Soorya,Latha Soorya,Teimuraz Silagadze,Stephen W. Scherer,Gerard D. Schellenberg,Sven Sandin,Stephen Sanders,Evald Saemundsen,Guy A. Rouleau,Bernadette Rogé,Kathryn Roeder,Wendy Roberts,Jennifer Reichert,Jennifer Reichert,Abraham Reichenberg,Abraham Reichenberg,Karola Rehnström,Regina Regan,Regina Regan,Fritz Poustka,Christopher S. Poultney,Christopher S. Poultney,Joseph Piven,Dalila Pinto,Dalila Pinto,Dalila Pinto,Margaret A. Pericak-Vance,Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic,Marianne Giørtz Pedersen,Marianne Giørtz Pedersen,Carsten Bøcker Pedersen,Carsten Bøcker Pedersen,Andrew D. Paterson,Andrew D. Paterson,Jeremy R. Parr,Alistair T. Pagnamenta,Guiomar Oliveira,John I. Nurnberger,Merete Nordentoft,Merete Nordentoft,Michael T. Murtha,Susana Mouga,Susana Mouga,Preben Bo Mortensen,Ole Mors,Ole Mors,Eric M. Morrow,Daniel Moreno-De-Luca,Anthony P. Monaco,Anthony P. Monaco,Nancy J. Minshew,Alison Merikangas,William M. McMahon,Susan G. McGrew,Manuel Mattheisen,Manuel Mattheisen,Manuel Mattheisen,Igor Martsenkovsky,Donna M. Martin,Shrikant Mane,Pall Magnusson,Tiago R. Magalhaes,Tiago R. Magalhaes,Elena Maestrini,Jennifer K. Lowe,Catherine Lord,Pat Levitt,Christa Lese Martin,David H. Ledbetter,Marion Leboyer,Ann S Le-Couteur,Ann S Le-Couteur,Christine Ladd-Acosta,Alexander Kolevzon,Sabine M. Klauck,Suma Jacob,Suma Jacob,Bozenna Iliadou,Christina M. Hultman,David M. Hougaard,David M. Hougaard,Irva Hertz-Picciotto,Robert L. Hendren,Christine Søholm Hansen,Christine Søholm Hansen,J. Haines,Stephen J. Guter,D.E. Grice,Jonathan Green,Andrew Green,Arthur P. Goldberg,Arthur P. Goldberg,Christopher Gillberg,John R. Gilbert,Louise Gallagher,Christine M. Freitag,Eric Fombonne,Susan E. Folstein,Bridget A. Fernandez,M. Daniele Fallin,A. Gulhan Ercan-Sencicek,Sean Ennis,Sean Ennis,Frederico Duque,Eftichia Duketis,Richard Delorme,Silvia Derubeis,Maretha V. Dejonge,Geraldine Dawson,Michael L. Cuccaro,Catarina Correia,Catarina Correia,Judith Conroy,Judith Conroy,Inês C. Conceição,Inês C. Conceição,Andreas G. Chiocchetti,Patrícia B. S. Celestino-Soper,Jillian P. Casey,Jillian P. Casey,Rita M. Cantor,Cátia Café,Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm,Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm,Sean Brennan,Thomas Bourgeron,Patrick Bolton,Patrick Bolton,Sven Bölte,Sven Bölte,Sven Bölte,Nadia Bolshakova,Catalina Betancur,Catalina Betancur,Catalina Betancur,Raphael Bernier,Arthur L. Beaudet,Agatino Battaglia,Vanessa H. Bal,Gillian Baird,Anthony J. Bailey,Anthony J. Bailey,Marie Bækvad-Hansen,Marie Bækvad-Hansen,Joel S. Bader,Elena Bacchelli,Evdokia Anagnostou,David G. Amaral,Joana Almeida,Anders D. Børglum,Anders D. Børglum,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Aravinda Chakravarti,Edwin H. Cook,Hilary Coon,Daniel H. Geschwind,Daniel H. Geschwind,Michael Gill,Joachim Hallmayer,Aarno Palotie,Susan L. Santangelo,James S. Sutcliffe,Dan E. Arking,Bernie Devlin,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Hakon Hakonarson +214 more
TL;DR: A significant genetic correlation with schizophrenia and association of ASD with several neurodevelopmental-related genes such as EXT1, ASTN2, MACROD2, and HDAC4 is identified and identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of Clinically Relevant Genetic Variants in Autism Spectrum Disorder by Whole-Genome Sequencing
Yong-hui Jiang,Ryan K. C. Yuen,Xin Jin,Xin Jin,Mingbang Wang,Nong Chen,Xueli Wu,Jia Ju,Junpu Mei,Yujian Shi,Mingze He,Guangbiao Wang,Jieqin Liang,Zhe Wang,Dandan Cao,Melissa T. Carter,Christina Chrysler,Irene Drmic,Jennifer L. Howe,Lynette Lau,Christian R. Marshall,Christian R. Marshall,Daniele Merico,Thomas Nalpathamkalam,Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram,Ann Thompson,Mohammed Uddin,Susan Walker,J. Luo,Evdokia Anagnostou,Lonnie Zwaigenbaum,Robert H. Ring,Jian Wang,Clara Lajonchere,Jun Wang,Andy Shih,Peter Szatmari,Huanming Yang,Geraldine Dawson,Geraldine Dawson,Yingrui Li,Stephen W. Scherer,Stephen W. Scherer +42 more
TL;DR: Results suggest that WGS and thorough bioinformatic analyses for de novo and rare inherited mutations will improve the detection of genetic variants likely to be associated with ASD or its accompanying clinical symptoms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome Sequencing of Autism-Affected Families Reveals Disruption of Putative Noncoding Regulatory DNA
Tychele N. Turner,Fereydoun Hormozdiari,Michael H. Duyzend,Sarah A. McClymont,Paul W. Hook,Ivan Iossifov,Archana Raja,Carl Baker,Kendra Hoekzema,Holly A.F. Stessman,Michael C. Zody,Bradley J. Nelson,John Huddleston,Richard Sandstrom,Joshua D. Smith,David S. Hanna,James M. Swanson,Elaine M. Faustman,Michael J. Bamshad,John A. Stamatoyannopoulos,Deborah A. Nickerson,Andrew S. McCallion,Robert B. Darnell,Robert B. Darnell,Evan E. Eichler +24 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that the detection of smaller, often multiple CNVs affecting putative regulatory elements might help explain additional risk of simplex autism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Maternal plasma folate impacts differential DNA methylation in an epigenome-wide meta-analysis of newborns.
Bonnie R. Joubert,Herman T. den Dekker,Janine F. Felix,Jon Bohlin,Symen Ligthart,Emma L. Beckett,Emma L. Beckett,Henning Tiemeier,Joyce B. J. van Meurs,André G. Uitterlinden,Albert Hofman,Siri E. Håberg,Sarah E. Reese,Marjolein J. Peters,Bettina Kulle Andreassen,Eric A.P. Steegers,Roy Miodini Nilsen,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Øivind Midttun,Per Magne Ueland,Per Magne Ueland,Oscar H. Franco,Abbas Dehghan,Johan C. de Jongste,Michael C. Wu,Tianyuan Wang,Shyamal D. Peddada,Vincent W. V. Jaddoe,Wenche Nystad,Liesbeth Duijts,Stephanie J. London +31 more
TL;DR: This work examines the association between maternal plasma folate during pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation using Illumina's HumanMethyl450 Beadchip in 1,988 newborns from two European cohorts and reports the combined covariate-adjusted results using meta-analysis and pathway and gene expression analyses.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses
Shaun Purcell,Shaun Purcell,Benjamin M. Neale,Benjamin M. Neale,Kathe Todd-Brown,Lori Thomas,Manuel A. R. Ferreira,David Bender,David Bender,Julian Maller,Julian Maller,Pamela Sklar,Pamela Sklar,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Pak C. Sham +17 more
TL;DR: This work introduces PLINK, an open-source C/C++ WGAS tool set, and describes the five main domains of function: data management, summary statistics, population stratification, association analysis, and identity-by-descent estimation, which focuses on the estimation and use of identity- by-state and identity/descent information in the context of population-based whole-genome studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global variation in copy number in the human genome
Richard Redon,Shumpei Ishikawa,Karen R. Fitch,Lars Feuk,George H. Perry,T. Daniel Andrews,Heike Fiegler,Michael H. Shapero,Andrew R. Carson,Wenwei Chen,Eun Kyung Cho,Stephanie Dallaire,Jennifer L. Freeman,Juan R. González,Mònica Gratacòs,Jing Huang,Dimitrios Kalaitzopoulos,Daisuke Komura,Jeffrey R. MacDonald,Christian R. Marshall,Rui Mei,Lyndal Montgomery,Keunihiro Nishimura,Kohji Okamura,Fan Shen,Martin J. Somerville,Joelle Tchinda,Armand Valsesia,Cara Woodwark,Fengtang Yang,Junjun Zhang,Tatiana Zerjal,Jane Zhang,Lluís Armengol,Donald F. Conrad,Xavier Estivill,Chris Tyler-Smith,Nigel P. Carter,Hiroyuki Aburatani,Charles Lee,Keith W. Jones,Stephen W. Scherer,Matthew E. Hurles +42 more
TL;DR: A first-generation CNV map of the human genome is constructed through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in Europe, Africa or Asia, underscoring the importance of CNV in genetic diversity and evolution and the utility of this resource for genetic disease studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
The STRING database in 2011: functional interaction networks of proteins, globally integrated and scored
Damian Szklarczyk,Andrea Franceschini,Michael Kuhn,Milan Simonovic,Alexander Roth,Pablo Minguez,Tobias Doerks,Manuel Stark,Jean Muller,Peer Bork,Lars Juhl Jensen,Christian von Mering +11 more
TL;DR: An update on the online database resource Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), which provides uniquely comprehensive coverage and ease of access to both experimental as well as predicted interaction information.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein–protein interaction network
Jean François Rual,Kavitha Venkatesan,Tong Hao,Tomoko Hirozane-Kishikawa,Amélie Dricot,Ning Li,Gabriel F. Berriz,Francis D. Gibbons,Matija Dreze,Nono Ayivi-Guedehoussou,Niels Klitgord,Christophe Simon,Mike Boxem,Stuart Milstein,Jennifer Rosenberg,Debra S. Goldberg,Lan V. Zhang,Sharyl L. Wong,Giovanni Franklin,Siming Li,Joanna S. Albala,Joanna S. Albala,Janghoo Lim,Carlene Fraughton,Estelle Llamosas,Sebiha Cevik,Camille Bex,Philippe Lamesch,Robert S. Sikorski,Jean Vandenhaute,Huda Y. Zoghbi,Alex Smolyar,Stephanie Bosak,Reynaldo Sequerra,Lynn Doucette-Stamm,Michael E. Cusick,David E. Hill,Frederick P. Roth,Marc Vidal +38 more
TL;DR: An initial version of a proteome-scale map of human binary protein–protein interactions is described, which increases by ∼70% the set of available binary interactions within the tested space and reveals more than 300 new connections to over 100 disease-associated proteins.
Journal ArticleDOI
Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations
David Altshuler,Richard A. Gibbs,Leena Peltonen,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Stephen F. Schaffner,Fuli Yu,Penelope E. Bonnen,de Bakker Piw.,Panagiotis Deloukas,Stacey Gabriel,R. Gwilliam,Sarah E. Hunt,Michael Inouye,Xiaoming Jia,Aarno Palotie,Melissa Parkin,Pamela Whittaker,Kyle Chang,Alicia Hawes,Lora Lewis,Yanru Ren,D Wheeler,Donna M. Muzny,Chris P. Barnes,Katayoon Darvishi,Matthew E. Hurles,Joshua M. Korn,K. Kristiansson,Charles Lee,S A McCarrol,James Nemesh,Alon Keinan,Stephen B. Montgomery,Samuela Pollack,Alkes L. Price,Nicole Soranzo,Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui,Verneri Anttila,Wendy Brodeur,Mark J. Daly,Stephen Leslie,Gil McVean,Loukas Moutsianas,Huy Nguyen,Qingrun Zhang,Ghori Mjr.,Ralph McGinnis,William M. McLaren,Fumihiko Takeuchi,Sharon R. Grossman,Ilya Shlyakhter,Elizabeth Hostetter,Pardis C. Sabeti,Clement Adebamowo,Morris W. Foster,Deborah R. Gordon,Julio Licinio,M C Manca,Patricia A. Marshall,Ichiro Matsuda,D Ngare,Vivian Ota Wang,D Reddy,Charles N. Rotimi,Charmaine D.M. Royal,Richard R. Sharp,Changqing Zeng,Lisa D. Brooks,Jean E. McEwen +68 more
TL;DR: An expanded public resource of genome variants in global populations supports deeper interrogation of genomic variation and its role in human disease, and serves as a step towards a high-resolution map of the landscape of human genetic variation.
Related Papers (5)
Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders
Dalila Pinto,Alistair T. Pagnamenta,Lambertus Klei,Richard Anney,Daniele Merico,Regina Regan,Judith Conroy,Tiago R. Magalhaes,Tiago R. Magalhaes,Catarina Correia,Catarina Correia,Brett S. Abrahams,Joana Almeida,Elena Bacchelli,Gary D. Bader,Anthony J. Bailey,Gillian Baird,Agatino Battaglia,Tom Berney,Nadia Bolshakova,Sven Bölte,Patrick Bolton,Thomas Bourgeron,Sean Brennan,Jessica Brian,Susan E. Bryson,Andrew R. Carson,Guillermo Casallo,Jillian P. Casey,Brian H.Y. Chung,Lynne E Cochrane,Christina Corsello,Emily L. Crawford,Andrew Crossett,Cheryl Cytrynbaum,Geraldine Dawson,Maretha de Jonge,Richard Delorme,Irene Drmic,Eftichia Duketis,Frederico Duque,Annette Estes,Penny Farrar,Bridget A. Fernandez,Susan E. Folstein,Eric Fombonne,Christine M. Freitag,John Gilbert,Christopher Gillberg,Joseph T. Glessner,Jeremy Goldberg,Andrew Green,Jonathan Green,Stephen J. Guter,Hakon Hakonarson,Elizabeth A. Heron,Matthew Hill,Richard Holt,Jennifer L. Howe,Gillian Hughes,Vanessa Hus,Roberta Igliozzi,Cecilia Kim,Sabine M. Klauck,Alexander Kolevzon,Olena Korvatska,Vlad Kustanovich,Clara Lajonchere,Janine A. Lamb,Magdalena Laskawiec,Marion Leboyer,Ann Le Couteur,Bennett L. Leventhal,Anath C. Lionel,Anath C. Lionel,Xiao-Qing Liu,Catherine Lord,Linda Lotspeich,Sabata C. Lund,Elena Maestrini,William M. Mahoney,Carine Mantoulan,Christian R. Marshall,Helen McConachie,Christopher J. McDougle,Jane McGrath,William M. McMahon,Alison K. Merikangas,Ohsuke Migita,Nancy J. Minshew,Ghazala Mirza,Jeff Munson,Stanley F. Nelson,Carolyn Noakes,Abdul Noor,Gudrun Nygren,Guiomar Oliveira,Katerina Papanikolaou,Jeremy R. Parr,Barbara Parrini,Tara Paton,Andrew Pickles,Marion Pilorge,Joseph Piven,Chris P. Ponting,David J. Posey,Annemarie Poustka,Fritz Poustka,Aparna Prasad,Jiannis Ragoussis,Katy Renshaw,Jessica Rickaby,Wendy Roberts,Kathryn Roeder,Bernadette Rogé,Michael Rutter,Laura J. Bierut,John P. Rice,Jeff Salt,Katherine Sansom,Daisuke Sato,Ricardo Segurado,Ana Filipa Sequeira,Lili Senman,Lili Senman,Naisha Shah,Val C. Sheffield,Latha Soorya,Inês Sousa,Olaf Stein,Nuala Sykes,Vera Stoppioni,Christina Strawbridge,Raffaella Tancredi,Katherine E. Tansey,Bhooma Thiruvahindrapduram,Ann P. Thompson,Susanne Thomson,Ana Tryfon,John Tsiantis,Herman Van Engeland,John B. Vincent,Fred R. Volkmar,Simon Wallace,Kai Wang,Zhouzhi Wang,Thomas H. Wassink,Caleb Webber,Rosanna Weksberg,Kirsty Wing,Kerstin Wittemeyer,Shawn Wood,Jing Wu,Brian L. Yaspan,Danielle Zurawiecki,Lonnie Zwaigenbaum,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Rita M. Cantor,Edwin H. Cook,Hilary Coon,Michael L. Cuccaro,Bernie Devlin,Sean Ennis,Louise Gallagher,Daniel H. Geschwind,Michael Gill,Jonathan L. Haines,Joachim Hallmayer,Judith Miller,Anthony P. Monaco,John I. Nurnberger,Andrew D. Paterson,Margaret A. Pericak-Vance,Gerard D. Schellenberg,Peter Szatmari,Astrid M. Vicente,Veronica J. Vieland,Veronica J. Vieland,Ellen M. Wijsman,Stephen W. Scherer,James S. Sutcliffe,Catalina Betancur +181 more
Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder.
Christian R. Marshall,Abdul Noor,John B. Vincent,Anath C. Lionel,Lars Feuk,Jennifer Skaug,Mary Shago,Rainald Moessner,Dalila Pinto,Yan Ren,Bhooma Thiruvahindrapduram,Andreas Fiebig,Stefan Schreiber,Jan M. Friedman,Cees E.J. Ketelaars,Yvonne J. Vos,Can Ficicioglu,Susan J. Kirkpatrick,Rob Nicolson,Leon Sloman,Anne Summers,Clare A. Gibbons,Ahmad S. Teebi,David Chitayat,Rosanna Weksberg,Ann Thompson,Cathy Vardy,Vicki Crosbie,Sandra Luscombe,Rebecca Baatjes,Lonnie Zwaigenbaum,Wendy Roberts,Bridget A. Fernandez,Peter Szatmari,Stephen W. Scherer +34 more
De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism
Stephen Sanders,Michael T. Murtha,Abha R. Gupta,John D. Murdoch,Melanie J. Raubeson,A. Jeremy Willsey,A. Gulhan Ercan-Sencicek,Nicholas M. DiLullo,Neelroop N. Parikshak,Jason L. Stein,Michael F. Walker,Gordon T. Ober,Nicole A. Teran,Youeun Song,Paul El-Fishawy,Ryan C. Murtha,Murim Choi,John D. Overton,Robert D. Bjornson,Nicholas Carriero,Kyle A. Meyer,Kaya Bilguvar,Shrikant Mane,Nenad Sestan,Richard P. Lifton,Murat Gunel,Kathryn Roeder,Daniel H. Geschwind,Bernie Devlin,Matthew W. State +29 more
Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations
Brian J. O'Roak,Laura Vives,Santhosh Girirajan,Emre Karakoc,Niklas Krumm,Bradley P. Coe,Roie Levy,Arthur Ko,Choli Lee,Joshua D. Smith,Emily H. Turner,Ian B. Stanaway,Benjamin Vernot,Maika Malig,Carl Baker,Beau Reilly,Joshua M. Akey,Elhanan Borenstein,Elhanan Borenstein,Mark J. Rieder,Deborah A. Nickerson,Raphael Bernier,Jay Shendure,Evan E. Eichler,Evan E. Eichler +24 more
Strong Association of De Novo Copy Number Mutations with Autism
Jonathan Sebat,B. Lakshmi,Dheeraj Malhotra,Jennifer Troge,Christa Lese-Martin,Tom Walsh,Boris Yamrom,Seungtai Yoon,Alexander Krasnitz,Jude Kendall,Anthony Leotta,Deepa Pai,Ray Zhang,Yoon-ha Lee,James W. Hicks,Sarah J. Spence,Annette Lee,Kaija Puura,Terho Lehtimäki,David H. Ledbetter,Peter K. Gregersen,Joel D. Bregman,James S. Sutcliffe,Vaidehi Jobanputra,Wendy K. Chung,Dorothy Warburton,Mary Claire King,David Skuse,Daniel H. Geschwind,T. Conrad Gilliam,Kenny Ye,Michael Wigler +31 more