Showing papers by "University of Winnipeg published in 2021"
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University of Utah1, University of Colorado Denver2, Oregon Health & Science University3, Harvard University4, University of California, San Diego5, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston6, Medical College of Wisconsin7, Medical University of South Carolina8, Northwestern University9, Emory University10, University of Pennsylvania11, University of São Paulo12, Sun Yat-sen University13, Ghent University14, Karolinska Institutet15, University of Chicago16, Rush University Medical Center17, University of Barcelona18, University of California, Los Angeles19, Vanderbilt University20, University of Arizona21, University of Kansas22, Université de Montréal23, University of Auckland24, Rutgers University25, University of Amsterdam26, Columbia University27, Eastern Virginia Medical School28, University of New South Wales29, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven30, Guy's Hospital31, Stanford University32, University of British Columbia33, Mayo Clinic34, Johns Hopkins University35, Korea University36, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences37, Jikei University School of Medicine38, University of Washington39, University of Siena40, University of East Anglia41, University of Adelaide42, Pusan National University43, University of Calgary44, University of Cincinnati45, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill46, Cleveland Clinic47, University of Winnipeg48, Chulalongkorn University49, Cornell University50, National University of Singapore51, University of Alabama at Birmingham52, University of Alberta53, Capital Medical University54
TL;DR: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in the understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease.
Abstract: I. Executive summary BACKGROUND: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR-RS-2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence-based findings of the document. Methods ICAR-RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence-based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results ICAR-RS-2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence-based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion This ICAR-RS-2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS.
299 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, an overview of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change is presented, by synthesizing studies' characteristics, climate impacts, health outcomes, and key findings, including geographical regions, year of publication and authors' affiliations.
Abstract: Objectives We aimed to develop a systematic synthesis of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change, by synthesising studies’ characteristics, climate impacts, health outcomes and key findings. Design We conducted an overview of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change. We registered our review in PROSPERO (CRD42019145972). No ethical approval was required since we used secondary data. Additional data are not available. Data sources On 22 June 2019, we searched Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria We included systematic reviews that explored at least one health impact of climate change. Data extraction and synthesis We organised systematic reviews according to their key characteristics, including geographical regions, year of publication and authors’ affiliations. We mapped the climate effects and health outcomes being studied and synthesised major findings. We used a modified version of A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) to assess the quality of studies. Results We included 94 systematic reviews. Most were published after 2015 and approximately one-fifth contained meta-analyses. Reviews synthesised evidence about five categories of climate impacts; the two most common were meteorological and extreme weather events. Reviews covered 10 health outcome categories; the 3 most common were (1) infectious diseases, (2) mortality and (3) respiratory, cardiovascular or neurological outcomes. Most reviews suggested a deleterious impact of climate change on multiple adverse health outcomes, although the majority also called for more research. Conclusions Most systematic reviews suggest that climate change is associated with worse human health. This study provides a comprehensive higher order summary of research on health impacts of climate change. Study limitations include possible missed relevant reviews, no meta-meta-analyses, and no assessment of overlap. Future research could explore the potential explanations between these associations to propose adaptation and mitigation strategies and could include broader sociopsychological health impacts of climate change.
278 citations
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Idaho State University1, Texas A&M University2, University of Zagreb3, California State University, Los Angeles4, College of William & Mary5, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility6, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare7, Louisiana Tech University8, Mississippi State University9, University of Manitoba10, University of Virginia11, State University of New York System12, Carnegie Mellon University13, University of Connecticut14, Hampton University15, University of Massachusetts Amherst16, Old Dominion University17, Temple University18, Indiana University19, Ohio University20, Syracuse University21, Duquesne University22, University of Winnipeg23, Veer Kunwar Singh University24, Virginia Tech25, Argonne National Laboratory26, Yerevan Physics Institute27, University of Mainz28, Christopher Newport University29, Shandong University30
TL;DR: In this paper, the parity-violating asymmetry in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from 208 Pb was measured, leading to an extraction of the neutral weak form factor F = 0.0036(exp)±0.0013(theo)
Abstract: We report a precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry A_{PV} in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from ^{208}Pb. We measure A_{PV}=550±16(stat)±8(syst) parts per billion, leading to an extraction of the neutral weak form factor F_{W}(Q^{2}=0.00616 GeV^{2})=0.368±0.013. Combined with our previous measurement, the extracted neutron skin thickness is R_{n}-R_{p}=0.283±0.071 fm. The result also yields the first significant direct measurement of the interior weak density of ^{208}Pb: ρ_{W}^{0}=-0.0796±0.0036(exp)±0.0013(theo) fm^{-3} leading to the interior baryon density ρ_{b}^{0}=0.1480±0.0036(exp)±0.0013(theo) fm^{-3}. The measurement accurately constrains the density dependence of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter near saturation density, with implications for the size and composition of neutron stars.
239 citations
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TL;DR: The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.
Abstract: On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2–7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam’s science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.
121 citations
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Los Alamos National Laboratory1, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales2, University of South Carolina3, University of the Basque Country4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory5, Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace6, University of Winnipeg7, École normale supérieure de Lyon8, California Institute of Technology9, University of Copenhagen10, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory11, University of Málaga12, McGill University13, University of Valladolid14, University of Maryland, College Park15, State University of New York System16, University of Massachusetts Lowell17, University of New Mexico18, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence19
TL;DR: The SuperCam body unit (BU) of the Mars 2020 rover as mentioned in this paper was designed to receive light from the mast unit via a 5.8 m opti-cal fiber and the light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245-340 and 385-465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometer, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam.
Abstract: TheSuperCaminstrumentsuiteprovidestheMars2020rover,Perseverance,with a number of versatile remote-sensing techniques that can be used at long distance as well as within the robotic-arm workspace. These include laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), remote time-resolved Raman and luminescence spectroscopies, and visible and in- frared (VISIR; separately referred to as VIS and IR) reflectance spectroscopy. A remote micro-imager (RMI) provides high-resolution color context imaging, and a microphone can be used as a stand-alone tool for environmental studies or to determine physical properties of rocks and soils from shock waves of laser-produced plasmas. SuperCam is built in three parts: The mast unit (MU), consisting of the laser, telescope, RMI, IR spectrometer, and associated electronics, is described in a companion paper. The on-board calibration targets are described in another companion paper. Here we describe SuperCam’s body unit (BU) and testing of the integrated instrument.
The BU, mounted inside the rover body, receives light from the MU via a 5.8 m opti- cal fiber. The light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and is routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245–340 and 385–465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometers, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam. The third is a high-efficiency transmission spectrometer contain- ing an optical intensifier capable of gating exposures to 100 ns or longer, with variable delay times relative to the laser pulse. This spectrometer covers 535–853 nm (105–7070 cm−1 Ra- man shift relative to the 532 nm green laser beam) with 12 cm−1 full-width at half-maximum peak resolution in the Raman fingerprint region. The BU electronics boards interface with the rover and control the instrument, returning data to the rover. Thermal systems maintain a warm temperature during cruise to Mars to avoid contamination on the optics, and cool the detectors during operations on Mars.
Results obtained with the integrated instrument demonstrate its capabilities for LIBS, for which a library of 332 standards was developed. Examples of Raman and VISIR spec- troscopy are shown, demonstrating clear mineral identification with both techniques. Lumi- nescence spectra demonstrate the utility of having both spectral and temporal dimensions. Finally, RMI and microphone tests on the rover demonstrate the capabilities of these sub- systems as well.
117 citations
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University of California, San Diego1, University of Waterloo2, University of British Columbia3, American Physical Therapy Association4, St. Paul's Hospital5, University of Washington6, University of Winnipeg7, Veterans Health Administration8, Alberta Health Services9, University of Alberta10, Covenant Health11
TL;DR: There is no current evidence to support sex-based or age-based differences in the physiological responses to exercise while wearing a face mask, and the available data suggest that negative effects of using cloth or surgical face masks during physical activity in healthy individuals are negligible and unlikely to impact exercise tolerance significantly.
Abstract: To minimize transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization recommend wearing face masks in public. Some have expressed concern that these may affect the cardiopulmonary system by increasing the work of breathing, altering pulmonary gas exchange and increasing dyspnea, especially during physical activity. These concerns have been derived largely from studies evaluating devices intentionally designed to severely affect respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. We review the literature on the effects of various face masks and respirators on the respiratory system during physical activity using data from several models: cloth face coverings and surgical masks, N95 respirators, industrial respirators, and applied highly resistive or high-dead space respiratory loads. Overall, the available data suggest that although dyspnea may be increased and alter perceived effort with activity, the effects on work of breathing, blood gases, and other physiological parameters imposed by face masks during physical activity are small, often too small to be detected, even during very heavy exercise. There is no current evidence to support sex-based or age-based differences in the physiological responses to exercise while wearing a face mask. Although the available data suggest that negative effects of using cloth or surgical face masks during physical activity in healthy individuals are negligible and unlikely to impact exercise tolerance significantly, for some individuals with severe cardiopulmonary disease, any added resistance and/or minor changes in blood gases may evoke considerably more dyspnea and, thus, affect exercise capacity.
103 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors modified and extended the Short Dark Triad (SDP) to include the sadistic personality, and proposed a four-factor measure for the constellation of dark personalities.
Abstract: . Consensus is emerging that the constellation of dark personalities should include the sadistic personality. To build a four-factor measure, we modified and extended the Short Dark Triad (...
82 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address a knowledge gap regarding specific household risk factors associated with parenting quality during the pandemic and incorporate first-person accounts of family challenges and needs, finding that lower quality parenting during COVID-19 is associated with multiple household and pandemic risk factors.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Supportive parenting is critical for promoting healthy child development in the face of stressors, such as those occurring during COVID-19. Here, we address a knowledge gap regarding specific household risk factors associated with parenting quality during the pandemic and incorporate first-person accounts of family challenges and needs. METHODS: Mixed methods were applied to data collected between April 14th - 28th, 2020 from the "Parenting During the Pandemic" survey. Participants included 656 primary caregivers (e.g., mothers, fathers, foster parents) of least one child age 1.5-8 years of which 555 (84.6%) responded to at least one parenting questionnaire. Parenting quality was assessed across stressful, negative, and positive parenting dimensions. Household risk was examined across pandemic- linked (e.g., caregiver depression, unmet childcare needs) and stable factors (i.e., annual income, mental illness history). Significant correlates were examined with regressions in Mplus. Thematic analysis identified caregiver challenges and unmet needs from open-ended questions. FINDINGS: Caregiver depression, higher child parity, unmet childcare needs, and relationship distress predicted lower-quality parenting. Caregiver depression was the most significant predictor across every parenting dimension, with analyses indicating medium effect sizes, ds = .39 - .73. Qualitative findings highlighted severe strains on parent capacities including managing psychological distress, limited social supports, and too much unstructured time. INTERPRETATIONS: Lower quality parenting during COVID-19 is associated with multiple household and pandemic risk factors, with caregiver depression consistently linked to parent- child relationship disruptions. Focused efforts are needed to address caregiver mental health to protect child health as part of the pandemic response.
64 citations
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Arizona State University1, California Institute of Technology2, University of Copenhagen3, Cornell University4, The Planetary Society5, University of Winnipeg6, University College London7, Ames Research Center8, University of Hawaii9, United States Geological Survey10, Purdue University11, Free University of Berlin12, Johns Hopkins University13, Space Science Institute14, Joanneum Research15, Imperial College London16, VRVis17, German Aerospace Center18, Western Washington University19
TL;DR: Mastcam-Z as discussed by the authors is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover, which consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000-nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6°× 19.2° (26mm focal length at 283μrad/pixel) to 62°
Abstract: Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover. Mastcam-Z consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000 nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6° × 19.2° (26 mm focal length at 283 μrad/pixel) to 6.2° × 4.6° (110 mm focal length at 67.4 μrad/pixel). The cameras can resolve (≥ 5 pixels) ∼0.7 mm features at 2 m and ∼3.3 cm features at 100 m distance. Mastcam-Z shares significant heritage with the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. Each Mastcam-Z camera consists of zoom, focus, and filter wheel mechanisms and a 1648 × 1214 pixel charge-coupled device detector and electronics. The two Mastcam-Z cameras are mounted with a 24.4 cm stereo baseline and 2.3° total toe-in on a camera plate ∼2 m above the surface on the rover's Remote Sensing Mast, which provides azimuth and elevation actuation. A separate digital electronics assembly inside the rover provides power, data processing and storage, and the interface to the rover computer. Primary and secondary Mastcam-Z calibration targets mounted on the rover top deck enable tactical reflectance calibration. Mastcam-Z multispectral, stereo, and panoramic images will be used to provide detailed morphology, topography, and geologic context along the rover's traverse; constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials; monitor and characterize atmospheric and astronomical phenomena; and document the rover's sample extraction and caching locations. Mastcam-Z images will also provide key engineering information to support sample selection and other rover driving and tool/instrument operations decisions.
58 citations
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Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich1, Max Planck Society2, University of Tübingen3, University of Oklahoma4, University of Oslo5, Arizona State University6, University of North Texas Health Science Center7, University of South Florida8, University of Bordeaux9, Centre national de la recherche scientifique10, California State University, Channel Islands11, Swedish Museum of Natural History12, University of Burgos13, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart14, University of Cape Town15, University of Cantabria16, Leiden University17, Natural History Museum18, University of Belgrade19, National Research Council20, University of Ferrara21, University of Winnipeg22, California State University23, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic24, University of Western Ontario25, University of Cambridge26, University of New Mexico27, Masaryk University28, University of Murcia29, Uppsala University30, Science for Life Laboratory31, University of Edinburgh32, Harvard University33, The Forsyth Institute34
TL;DR: This paper analyzed 124 dental biofilm metagenomes from humans, including Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, as well as New World howler monkeys for comparison.
Abstract: The oral microbiome plays key roles in human biology, health, and disease, but little is known about the global diversity, variation, or evolution of this microbial community. To better understand the evolution and changing ecology of the human oral microbiome, we analyzed 124 dental biofilm metagenomes from humans, including Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, as well as New World howler monkeys for comparison. We find that a core microbiome of primarily biofilm structural taxa has been maintained throughout African hominid evolution, and these microbial groups are also shared with howler monkeys, suggesting that they have been important oral members since before the catarrhine-platyrrhine split ca. 40 Mya. However, community structure and individual microbial phylogenies do not closely reflect host relationships, and the dental biofilms of Homo and chimpanzees are distinguished by major taxonomic and functional differences. Reconstructing oral metagenomes from up to 100 thousand years ago, we show that the microbial profiles of both Neanderthals and modern humans are highly similar, sharing functional adaptations in nutrient metabolism. These include an apparent Homo-specific acquisition of salivary amylase-binding capability by oral streptococci, suggesting microbial coadaptation with host diet. We additionally find evidence of shared genetic diversity in the oral bacteria of Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic modern humans that is not observed in later modern human populations. Differences in the oral microbiomes of African hominids provide insights into human evolution, the ancestral state of the human microbiome, and a temporal framework for understanding microbial health and disease.
56 citations
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Virginia Tech1, Indiana University2, Georgia State University3, California State University, Fullerton4, Purdue University5, University of Maryland, College Park6, University of Michigan7, Florida State University8, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill9, Carleton University10, Ulster University11, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile12, University of Hong Kong13, University of Connecticut14, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven15, University of Pittsburgh16, Liverpool Hope University17, Loughborough University18, University of Ottawa19, University of Crete20, New York University21, Marmara University22, Boise State University23, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich24, Beijing Normal University25, University of Winnipeg26, University of Maryland, Baltimore County27
TL;DR: Findings highlight the need for the field at large to use multi-method measurement approaches to capture nuances in the HME, and to do so with increased international and interdisciplinary collaboration, open science practices, and communication among scholars.
Abstract: This article synthesizes findings from an international virtual conference, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), focused on the home mathematics environment (HME). In light of inconsistencies and gaps in research investigating relations between the HME and children’s outcomes, the purpose of the conference was to discuss actionable steps and considerations for future work. The conference was composed of international researchers with a wide range of expertise and backgrounds. Presentations and discussions during the conference centered broadly on the need to better operationalize and measure the HME as a construct – focusing on issues related to child, family, and community factors, country and cultural factors, and the cognitive and affective characteristics of caregivers and children. Results of the conference and a subsequent writing workshop include a synthesis of core questions and key considerations for the field of research on the HME. Findings highlight the need for the field at large to use multi-method measurement approaches to capture nuances in the HME, and to do so with increased international and interdisciplinary collaboration, open science practices, and communication among scholars.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on the emerging area of multimodal co-learning is provided in this article, along with the important ideas and directions for future work that will be beneficial for the entire research community focusing on this exciting domain.
Abstract: Multimodal deep learning systems which employ multiple modalities like text,
image, audio, video, etc., are showing better performance in comparison with
individual modalities (i.e., unimodal) systems. Multimodal machine learning
involves multiple aspects: representation, translation, alignment, fusion, and
co-learning. In the current state of multimodal machine learning, the
assumptions are that all modalities are present, aligned, and noiseless during
training and testing time. However, in real-world tasks, typically, it is
observed that one or more modalities are missing, noisy, lacking annotated
data, have unreliable labels, and are scarce in training or testing and or
both. This challenge is addressed by a learning paradigm called multimodal
co-learning. The modeling of a (resource-poor) modality is aided by exploiting
knowledge from another (resource-rich) modality using transfer of knowledge
between modalities, including their representations and predictive models.
Co-learning being an emerging area, there are no dedicated reviews explicitly
focusing on all challenges addressed by co-learning. To that end, in this work,
we provide a comprehensive survey on the emerging area of multimodal
co-learning that has not been explored in its entirety yet. We review
implementations that overcome one or more co-learning challenges without
explicitly considering them as co-learning challenges. We present the
comprehensive taxonomy of multimodal co-learning based on the challenges
addressed by co-learning and associated implementations. The various techniques
employed to include the latest ones are reviewed along with some of the
applications and datasets. Our final goal is to discuss challenges and
perspectives along with the important ideas and directions for future work that
we hope to be beneficial for the entire research community focusing on this
exciting domain.
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TL;DR: In this article, the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234-PALEoRIDER, to W.H., 805268-CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616-ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H. and AP08857177 to A.Z.
Abstract: The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–ST 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).
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TL;DR: In this article, an inverse correlation between the local abundance of subcentimetre particles and the porosity of rocks on Bennu was found to indicate that accumulation of unconsolidated subcentimeter particles is frustrated where the rocks are highly porous, which appears to be most of the surface.
Abstract: Spacecraft missions have observed regolith blankets of unconsolidated subcentimetre particles on stony asteroids1–3. Telescopic data have suggested the presence of regolith blankets also on carbonaceous asteroids, including (101955) Bennu4 and (162173) Ryugu5. However, despite observations of processes that are capable of comminuting boulders into unconsolidated materials, such as meteoroid bombardment6,7 and thermal cracking8, Bennu and Ryugu lack extensive areas covered in subcentimetre particles7,9. Here we report an inverse correlation between the local abundance of subcentimetre particles and the porosity of rocks on Bennu. We interpret this finding to mean that accumulation of unconsolidated subcentimetre particles is frustrated where the rocks are highly porous, which appears to be most of the surface10. The highly porous rocks are compressed rather than fragmented by meteoroid impacts, consistent with laboratory experiments11,12, and thermal cracking proceeds more slowly than in denser rocks. We infer that regolith blankets are uncommon on carbonaceous asteroids, which are the most numerous type of asteroid13. By contrast, these terrains should be common on stony asteroids, which have less porous rocks and are the second-most populous group by composition13. The higher porosity of carbonaceous asteroid materials may have aided in their compaction and cementation to form breccias, which dominate the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites14. The absence of fine regolith on the asteroid Bennu is due to the high porosity of its rocks, which compress rather than fragment after impacts and exhibit slow thermal cracking.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the global average disk-resolved photometric properties of Bennu with multiple models were investigated, and the best-fit model was a McEwen model with an exponential phase function and an exponential polynomial partition function.
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TL;DR: This study demonstrates that the configurations of o-DGT tested provide a cost-effective monitoring tool for measuring perfluorinated alkyl acids in aquatic systems, in particular the four PFAS for which reasonable correlations were observed.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism for the amplification of the small-scale primordial power spectrum, in the context of single-field inflation with a step-like feature in the inflaton potential, was developed.
Abstract: The next generation of cosmic microwave background, gravitational wave, and large scale structure, experiments will provide an unprecedented opportunity to probe the primordial power spectrum on small scales. An exciting possibility for what lurks on small scales is a sharp rise in the primordial power spectrum: This can lead to the formation of primordial black holes, providing a dark matter candidate or the black holes observed by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration. In this work we develop a mechanism for the amplification of the small-scale primordial power spectrum, in the context of single-field inflation with a step-like feature in the inflaton potential. Specifically, we consider both the upward and the downward step in the potential. We also discuss the possibility of the strong coupling between perturbations because the rapid changes of the potential derivatives with the time-dependent field value, caused by the step-like feature, could make the coupling stronger. As a result, we find that the perturbations can remain weakly coupled yet sufficiently enhanced if the step realizes the rapid changes of the potential derivatives in some fraction of an e-fold, $\mathcal O(\mathcal P_{\mathcal R}^{1/2}) \lesssim \Delta N < 1$, where $\mathcal P_\mathcal R$ is the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation at that time. We also discuss the PBH formation rate from the inflaton trapping at the local minimum, which can occur in the potential with an upward step.
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TL;DR: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is home to many endemic mammalian species, including the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae).
Abstract: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with low precipitation, low oxygen partial pressure, and temperatures routinely dropping below -30 °C in winter, presents several physiological challenges to its fauna. Yet it is home to many endemic mammalian species, including the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). How these small animals that are incapable of hibernation survive the winter is an enigma. Measurements of daily energy expenditure (DEE) using the doubly labeled water method show that pikas suppress their DEE during winter. At the same body weight, pikas in winter expend 29.7% less than in summer, despite ambient temperatures being approximately 25 °C lower. Combined with resting metabolic rates (RMRs), this gives them an exceptionally low metabolic scope in winter (DEE/RMRt = 1.60 ± 0.30; RMRt is resting metabolic rate at thermoneutrality). Using implanted body temperature loggers and filming in the wild, we show that this is achieved by reducing body temperature and physical activity. Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) measurements indicate this metabolic suppression is probably mediated via the thyroid axis. Winter activity was lower at sites where domestic yak (Bos grunniens) densities were higher. Pikas supplement their food intake at these sites by eating yak feces, demonstrated by direct observation, identification of yak DNA in pika stomach contents, and greater convergence in the yak/pika microbiotas in winter. This interspecific coprophagy allows pikas to thrive where yak are abundant and partially explains why pika densities are higher where domestic yak, their supposed direct competitors for food, are more abundant.
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TL;DR: Brain activity was measured using a 32-channel EEG system and results indicated that ASMR stimuli-particularly auditory stimuli-elicited increased alpha wave activity in participants with self-reported ASMR, but not in matched control participants.
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VU University Amsterdam1, Leiden University2, University of Zurich3, University of Milano-Bicocca4, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev5, University of Graz6, The Chinese University of Hong Kong7, Fuzhou University8, University of Copenhagen9, Moscow State University10, University of South Carolina11, University of Washington12, University of Amsterdam13, Tinbergen Institute14, Stockholm University15, University of Minnesota16, Vienna University of Economics and Business17, University of Winnipeg18, University of Nottingham19, Universidad Veracruzana20, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile21, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic22, University of Social Sciences and Humanities23, University of Auvergne24, Washington State University25, Dokuz Eylül University26, York University27, Aoyama Gakuin University28, Beijing Normal University29, University of Delaware30, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens31, University of Toronto32, Singapore Management University33, Nagoya University34, University of California, Riverside35, University of Brawijaya36, City University of Hong Kong37, University of Queensland38, London South Bank University39, Aix-Marseille University40, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University41, Allahabad University42, Australian National University43, University of Bonn44, Ghent University45, National University of Cordoba46, Catholic University of Portugal47, Gonzaga University48, University of Tübingen49, Media Research Center50, Eindhoven University of Technology51, Tel Aviv University52, University of Southampton53, Max Planck Society54, Chinese Academy of Sciences55, Nanyang Technological University56
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined if and how social mindfulness differs across countries and found that greater social mindfulness was associated with countries' better general performance on environmental protection, while low-cost cooperation was more focused on communicating benevolence than on providing material benefits.
Abstract: Humans are social animals, but not everyone will be mindful of others to the same extent. Individual differences have been found, but would social mindfulness also be shaped by one’s location in the world? Expecting cross-national differences to exist, we examined if and how social mindfulness differs across countries. At little to no material cost, social mindfulness typically entails small acts of attention or kindness. Even though fairly common, such low-cost cooperation has received little empirical attention. Measuring social mindfulness across 31 samples from industrialized countries and regions (n = 8,354), we found considerable variation. Among selected country-level variables, greater social mindfulness was most strongly associated with countries’ better general performance on environmental protection. Together, our findings contribute to the literature on prosociality by targeting the kind of everyday cooperation that is more focused on communicating benevolence than on providing material benefits.
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Cornell University1, Massachusetts Institute of Technology2, Arizona State University3, Jet Propulsion Laboratory4, University of Copenhagen5, United States Geological Survey6, Purdue University7, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory8, Space Science Institute9, Joanneum Research10, Western Washington University11, California Institute of Technology12, The Planetary Society13, University of Winnipeg14
TL;DR: The NASA Perseverance rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) system is a pair of zoomable, focusable, multi-spectral, and color charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras mounted on top of a 1.7m Remote Sensing Mast, along with associated electronics and two calibration targets as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The NASA Perseverance rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) system is a pair of zoomable, focusable, multi-spectral, and color charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras mounted on top of a 1.7 m Remote Sensing Mast, along with associated electronics and two calibration targets. The cameras contain identical optical assemblies that can range in focal length from 26 mm (
$25.5^{\circ }\, \times 19.1^{\circ }\ \mathrm{FOV}$
) to 110 mm (
$6.2^{\circ } \, \times 4.2^{\circ }\ \mathrm{FOV}$
) and will acquire data at pixel scales of 148-540 μm at a range of 2 m and 7.4-27 cm at 1 km. The cameras are mounted on the rover’s mast with a stereo baseline of $24.3\pm 0.1$
cm and a toe-in angle of $1.17\pm 0.03^{\circ }$
(per camera). Each camera uses a Kodak KAI-2020 CCD with $1600\times 1200$
active pixels and an 8 position filter wheel that contains an IR-cutoff filter for color imaging through the detectors’ Bayer-pattern filters, a neutral density (ND) solar filter for imaging the sun, and 6 narrow-band geology filters (16 total filters). An associated Digital Electronics Assembly provides command data interfaces to the rover, 11-to-8 bit companding, and JPEG compression capabilities. Herein, we describe pre-flight calibration of the Mastcam-Z instrument and characterize its radiometric and geometric behavior. Between April 26
$^{th}$
and May 9
$^{th}$
, 2019, ∼45,000 images were acquired during stand-alone calibration at Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) in San Diego, CA. Additional data were acquired during Assembly Test and Launch Operations (ATLO) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Kennedy Space Center. Results of the radiometric calibration validate a 5% absolute radiometric accuracy when using camera state parameters investigated during testing. When observing using camera state parameters not interrogated during calibration (e.g., non-canonical zoom positions), we conservatively estimate the absolute uncertainty to be $<10\%$
. Image quality, measured via the amplitude of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) at Nyquist sampling (0.35 line pairs per pixel), shows $\mathrm{MTF}_{\mathit{Nyquist}}=0.26-0.50$
across all zoom, focus, and filter positions, exceeding the $>0.2$
design requirement. We discuss lessons learned from calibration and suggest tactical strategies that will optimize the quality of science data acquired during operation at Mars. While most results matched expectations, some surprises were discovered, such as a strong wavelength and temperature dependence on the radiometric coefficients and a scene-dependent dynamic component to the zero-exposure bias frames. Calibration results and derived accuracies were validated using a Geoboard target consisting of well-characterized geologic samples.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of wearing cloth or surgical masks on the cardiopulmonary responses to moderate-intensity exercise was evaluated in 12 subjects (n = 5 females) who completed three, 8-min cycling sessions.
Abstract: We sought to determine the impact of wearing cloth or surgical masks on the cardiopulmonary responses to moderate-intensity exercise. Twelve subjects (n = 5 females) completed three, 8-min cycling ...
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University of Paris1, Ithaca College2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Southwest Research Institute4, Northern Arizona University5, University of Tennessee6, University of Arizona7, Planetary Science Institute8, Institut Universitaire de France9, Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory10, University of Florence11, University of Winnipeg12, Rowan University13
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate the mean hydrogen content of water and hydroxyl groups in hydrated phyllosilicates on Bennu's surface to be 0.71 ± 0.16%.
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TL;DR: Indigenous communities across Canada have established principles to guide ethical research within their respective communities as discussed by the authors, and a thorough cataloging and description of these would inform university researchers in the future.
Abstract: Indigenous communities across Canada have established principles to guide ethical research within their respective communities. Thorough cataloging and description of these would inform university ...
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TL;DR: In this paper, Cardiovascular disease, a major cause of mortality and morbidity, exhibits sexual dimorphism since the onset of cardiovascular disease occurs later in women than in men.
Abstract: Objective: Cardiovascular disease, a major cause of mortality and morbidity, exhibits sexual dimorphism since the onset of cardiovascular disease occurs later in women than in men. The loss of card...
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TL;DR: In this paper, twelve chronologies of earlywood vessel cross-sectional area and ring width were developed from riparian Fraxinus nigra trees periodically flooded in spring and used as predictors of Harricana River spring discharge, which was reconstructed for the period 1771-2016.
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TL;DR: The authors proposed a new taxon, Homo bodoensis sp. nov., as an early Middle Pleistocene ancestor of the Homo sapiens lineage, with a pan-African distribution that extends into the eastern Mediterranean (Southeast Europe and the Levant).
Abstract: Recent developments in the field of palaeoanthropology necessitate the suppression of two hominin taxa and the introduction of a new species of hominins to help resolve the current nebulous state of Middle Pleistocene (Chibanian) hominin taxonomy. In particular, the poorly defined and variably understood hominin taxa Homo heidelbergensis (both sensu stricto and sensu lato) and Homo rhodesiensis need to be abandoned as they fail to reflect the full range of hominin variability in the Middle Pleistocene. Instead, we propose: (1) introduction of a new taxon, Homo bodoensis sp. nov., as an early Middle Pleistocene ancestor of the Homo sapiens lineage, with a pan-African distribution that extends into the eastern Mediterranean (Southeast Europe and the Levant); (2) that many of the fossils from Western Europe (e.g. Sima de los Huesos) currently assigned to H. heidelbergensis s.s. be reassigned to Homo neanderthalensis to reflect the early appearance of Neanderthal derived traits in the Middle Pleistocene in the region; and (3) that the Middle Pleistocene Asian fossils, particularly from China, likely represent a different lineage altogether.
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01 May 2021TL;DR: In this paper, the authors did a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized in Kazakhstan between February and April 2020 and compared demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological data of patients having different COVID19 severities on admission.
Abstract: Background The earliest coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases in Central Asia were announced in March 2020 by Kazakhstan. Despite the implementation of aggressive measures to curb infection spread, gaps remain in the understanding of the clinical and epidemiologic features of the regional pandemic. Methods We did a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized in Kazakhstan between February and April 2020. We compared demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological data of patients with different COVID-19 severities on admission. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with disease severity and in-hospital death. Whole-genome SARS-CoV-2 analysis was performed in 53 patients. Findings Of the 1072 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in March-April 2020, the median age was 36 years (IQR 24–50) and 484 (45%) were male. On admission, 683 (64%) participants had asymptomatic/mild, 341 (32%) moderate, and 47 (4%) severe-to-critical COVID-19 manifestation; 20 in-hospital deaths (1•87%) were reported by 5 May 2020. Multivariable regression indicated increasing odds of severe disease associated with older age (odds ratio 1•05, 95% CI 1•03-1•07, per year increase; p Interpretation Older age, comorbidities, increased WBC count, and male sex were risk factors for COVID-19 disease severity and mortality in Kazakhstan. The broad SARS-CoV-2 diversity suggests multiple importations and community-level amplification predating travel restriction. Funding Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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TL;DR: This article models the processes of attack and defense as a cybersecurity Stackelberg game leading to optimal mixed strategies for both the attackers and the IoV defense system, where the latter optimally deploys the available security resources within the transportation infrastructure to minimize the impact of attacks and improve their detection.
Abstract: Connected vehicles are essential for the deployment of intelligent transportation services. However, the high level of connectivity in today's Internet of vehicles (IoV) and the extreme reliance on the data collected from the smart transportation infrastructure widen the space of security vulnerabilities, making the IoV a potential target for cyberattacks. This article investigates novel sophisticated ways to exploit the IoV and launch intelligent attacks on road traffic services by creating persistent impact and reducing detection chances. This article models the processes of attack and defense as a cybersecurity Stackelberg game leading to optimal mixed strategies for both the attackers and the IoV defense system, where the latter optimally deploys the available security resources within the transportation infrastructure to minimize the impact of attacks and improve their detection. The game is of Bayesian type and considers several types of data corruption attacks that occur according to a probability distribution that we determine based on a rigorous risk assessment approach. The results show that our game model and solution allow us to reduce the impact of advanced persistent threats compared to a uniform defense design that is indifferent to attackers’ strategies and types. The solution could be integrated into the design of IoV intrusion detection systems to increase their robustness.