Showing papers in "Earth System Science Data in 2020"
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École Normale Supérieure1, University of Exeter2, Norwich Research Park3, University of Groningen4, Wageningen University and Research Centre5, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich6, Max Planck Society7, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation8, Université Paris-Saclay9, Stanford University10, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration11, National Institute for Space Research12, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences13, University of Southampton14, PSL Research University15, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology16, National Institute for Environmental Studies17, University of Maryland, College Park18, University of Leeds19, International Institute of Minnesota20, Flanders Marine Institute21, ETH Zurich22, University of East Anglia23, German Aerospace Center24, Woods Hole Research Center25, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign26, University of Toulouse27, Japan Meteorological Agency28, Plymouth Marine Laboratory29, University of Paris30, Hobart Corporation31, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research32, Tsinghua University33, National Center for Atmospheric Research34, Appalachian State University35, University of Colorado Boulder36, University of Washington37, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory38, Princeton University39, Met Office40, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences41, Auburn University42, University of Tasmania43, VU University Amsterdam44, Oak Ridge National Laboratory45, Sun Yat-sen University46, Nanjing University47
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties, including emissions from land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models.
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2010–2019), EFOS was 9.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.6 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1. For the same decade, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5 ± 0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.4 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of −0.1 GtC yr−1 indicating a near balance between estimated sources and sinks over the last decade. For the year 2019 alone, the growth in EFOS was only about 0.1 % with fossil emissions increasing to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.8 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.2 ± 3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2019, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.5 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.1 ± 1.2 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 409.85 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2019. Preliminary data for 2020, accounting for the COVID-19-induced changes in emissions, suggest a decrease in EFOS relative to 2019 of about −7 % (median estimate) based on individual estimates from four studies of −6 %, −7 %, −7 % (−3 % to −11 %), and −13 %. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2019, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from diverse approaches and observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent discrepancy between the different methods for the ocean sink outside the tropics, particularly in the Southern Ocean. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quere et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2020 (Friedlingstein et al., 2020).
1,764 citations
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Université Paris-Saclay1, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Stanford University4, Yale University5, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration6, Netherlands Institute for Space Research7, VU University Amsterdam8, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology9, Chiba University10, Linköping University11, University of California, Irvine12, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research13, New York University14, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli15, École Polytechnique16, Stockholm University17, Skidmore College18, University of Victoria19, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology20, Babeș-Bolyai University21, California Institute of Technology22, Met Office23, University of Reading24, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis25, National Institute for Environmental Studies26, City University of New York27, University of Bern28, Max Planck Society29, Purdue University30, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts31, Lund University32, University of Bristol33, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory34, University of Leicester35, Université du Québec à Montréal36, Peking University37, Massachusetts Institute of Technology38, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory39, Southern Cross University40, Auburn University41, Joint Global Change Research Institute42, Food and Agriculture Organization43, Finnish Meteorological Institute44, Imperial College London45, Technical University of Crete46, University of Rochester47, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute48, Scripps Institution of Oceanography49, University of Toronto50, University of Maryland, College Park51, Hohai University52
TL;DR: The second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modeling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations).
For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters.
Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning.
1,047 citations
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Spanish National Research Council1, National Institute for Space Research2, University of Cantabria3, National Autonomous University of Mexico4, University of New South Wales5, Ikerbasque6, University of Aveiro7, ETH Zurich8, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation9, Met Office10, University of Oxford11, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change12, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera13, Ateneo de Manila University14, University of Cape Town15, University of Buenos Aires16
TL;DR: An updated version of the reference regions for the analysis of new observed and simulated datasets (including CMIP6) which offer an opportunity for refinement due to the higher model resolution, and the generation of a new dataset with monthly temperature and precipitation spatially aggregated in the new regions.
Abstract: . Several sets of reference regions have been proposed in the literature for the regional synthesis of observed and model-projected climate change information. A popular example is the set of reference regions introduced in the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Adaptation (SREX) based on a prior coarser selection and then slightly modified for the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. This set was developed for reporting sub-continental observed and projected changes over a reduced number (33) of climatologically consistent regions encompassing a representative number of grid boxes (the typical resolution of the 5th Climate Model Intercomparison Projection, CMIP5, climate models was around 2o). These regions have been used as the basis for several popular spatially aggregated datasets, such as the seasonal mean temperature and precipitation in IPCC regions for CMIP5. Here we present an updated version of the reference regions for the analysis of new observed and simulated datasets (including CMIP6) which offer an opportunity for refinement due to the higher model resolution (around 1o for CMIP6). As a result, the number of regions increased to 43 land plus 12 open ocean, better representing consistent regional climate features. The paper describes the rationale followed for the definition of the new regions and analyses their homogeneity. The regions are defined as polygons and are provided as coordinates and shapefile together with companion R and Python notebooks to illustrate their use in practical problems (trimming data, etc.). We also describe the generation of a new dataset with monthly temperature and precipitation spatially aggregated in the new regions, currently for CMIP5 (for backwards consistency) and CMIP6, to be extended to other datasets in the future (including observations). The use of these reference regions, dataset and code is illustrated through a worked example using scatter diagrams to offer guidance on the likely range of future climate change at the scale of reference regions. The regions, datasets and code (R and Python notebooks) are freely available at the ATLAS GitHub repository; https://github.com/SantanderMetGroup/ATLAS , doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3688072 (Iturbide et al., 2020).
192 citations
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TL;DR: McDuffie et al. as discussed by the authors developed a new global emission inventory, CEDSGBD-MAPS, which includes emissions of seven key atmospheric pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, NMVOCs, BC, OC) over the time period from 1970-2017 and reports annual country-total emissions as a function of 11 anthropogenic sectors (agriculture, energy generation, industrial processes, transportation (on-road and non-road), residential, commercial, and other sectors (RCO), waste, solvent use, and international
Abstract: . Global anthropogenic emission inventories remain vital for understanding the fate and transport of atmospheric pollution, as well as the resulting impacts on the environment, human health, and society. Rapid changes in today’s society require that these inventories provide contemporary estimates of multiple atmospheric pollutants with both source sector and fuel-type information to understand and effectively mitigate future impacts. To fill this need, we have updated the open-source Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) (Hoesly et al., 2019) to develop a new global emission inventory, CEDSGBD-MAPS. This inventory includes emissions of seven key atmospheric pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, NMVOCs, BC, OC) over the time period from 1970–2017 and reports annual country-total emissions as a function of 11 anthropogenic sectors (agriculture, energy generation, industrial processes, transportation (on-road and non-road), residential, commercial, and other sectors (RCO), waste, solvent use, and international-shipping) and four fuel categories (total coal, solid biofuel, and the sum of liquid fuels and natural gas combustion, plus remaining process-level emissions). The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory additionally includes global gridded (0.5°×0.5°) emission fluxes with monthly time resolution for each compound, sector, and fuel-type to facilitate their use in earth system models. CEDSGBD-MAPS utilizes updated activity data, updates to the core CEDS default calibration procedure, and modifications to the final procedures for emissions gridding and aggregation to retain sector and fuel-specific information. Relative to the previous CEDS data released for CMIP6 (Hoesly et al., 2018), these updates extend the emission estimates from 2014 to 2017 and improve the overall agreement between CEDS and two widely used global bottom-up emission inventories. The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory provides the most contemporary global emission estimates to-date for these key atmospheric pollutants and is the first to provide global estimates for these species as a function of multiple fuel-types across multiple source sectors. Dominant sources of global NOx and SO2 emissions in 2017 include the combustion of oil, gas, and coal in the energy and industry sectors, as well as on-road transportation and international shipping for NOx. Dominant sources of global CO emissions in 2017 include on-road transportation and residential biofuel combustion. Dominant global sources of carbonaceous aerosol in 2017 include residential biofuel combustion, on-road transportation (BC only), as well as emissions from waste. Global emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, BC, and OC all peak in 2012 or earlier, with more recent emission reductions driven by large changes in emissions from China, North America, and Europe. In contrast, global emissions of NH3 and NMVOCs continuously increase between 1970 and 2017, with agriculture serving as a major source of global NH3 emissions and solvent use, energy, residential, and the on-road transport sectors as major sources of global NMVOCs. Due to similar development methods and underlying datasets, the CEDSGBD-MAPS emissions are expected to have consistent sources of uncertainty as other bottom-up inventories, including uncertainties in the underlying activity data and sector- and region-specific emission factors. The CEDSGBD-MAPS source code is publicly available online through GitHub: https://github.com/emcduffie/CEDS/tree/CEDS_GBD-MAPS. The CEDSGBD-MAPS emission inventory dataset (both annual country-total and global gridded files) is publicly available and registered under: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754964 (McDuffie et al., 2020).
172 citations
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TL;DR: The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broadscale levels as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: . The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides
quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil
mapping and environmental applications at broadscale levels. Since the
release of the first “WoSIS snapshot”, in July 2016, many new soil data were
shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository and subsequently
standardised in accordance with the licences specified by the data
providers. Soil profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide
range of data providers; therefore, special attention was paid to measures
for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions,
soil property values (and units of measurement) and soil analytical method
descriptions. We presently consider the following soil chemical properties:
organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total nitrogen,
phosphorus (extractable P, total P and P retention), soil pH, cation
exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. We also consider the following physical properties:
soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments and
water retention. Both of these sets of properties are grouped according to analytical procedures that are
operationally comparable. Further, for each profile we provide the original
soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA), version and horizon designations,
insofar as these have been specified in the source databases. Measures for
geographical accuracy (i.e. location) of the point data, as well as a first
approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined
analytical methods, are presented for possible consideration in digital soil
mapping and subsequent earth system modelling. The latest (dynamic) set of
quality-assessed and standardised data, called “wosis_latest”, is freely accessible via an OGC-compliant WFS (web feature
service). For consistent referencing, we also provide time-specific static
“snapshots”. The present snapshot (September 2019) is comprised of 196 498
geo-referenced profiles originating from 173 countries. They represent over
832 000 soil layers (or horizons) and over 5.8 million records. The actual
number of observations for each property varies (greatly) between profiles
and with depth, generally depending on the objectives of the initial
soil sampling programmes. In the coming years, we aim to fill gradually gaps
in the geographic distribution and soil property data themselves, this
subject to the sharing of a wider selection of soil profile data for so far
under-represented areas and properties by our existing and prospective
partners. Part of this work is foreseen in conjunction within the Global
Soil Information System (GloSIS) being developed by the Global Soil
Partnership (GSP). The “WoSIS snapshot – September 2019” is archived and
freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20190901
(Batjes et al., 2019).
154 citations
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TL;DR: A global land/ocean temperature record has been created by combining the Berkeley Earth monthly land temperature field with spatially-kriged version of the HadSST3 dataset as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: . A global land/ocean temperature record has been created by combining the Berkeley Earth monthly land temperature field with spatially-kriged version of the HadSST3 dataset. This combined product spans the period from 1850 to present and covers the majority of the Earth's surface: approximately 57 % in 1850, 75 % in 1880, 95 % in 1960, and 99.9 % by 2015. It includes average temperatures in 1° × 1° lat/lon grid cells for each month when available. It agrees quite well with records from Hadley's HadCRUT4, NASA's GISTEMP, NOAA's GlobalTemp, and Cowtan and Way, but provides a more spatially complete and homogeneous temperature field. Two versions of the record are provided treating areas with sea ice cover as either air temperature over sea ice or sea surface temperature under sea ice. The choice of how to assess the temperature of areas with sea ice coverage has a notable impact on global anomalies over past decades due to rapid warming of air temperatures in the Arctic. Accounting for rapid warming of Arctic air suggests ~ 0.1 °C additional global-average temperature rise since the 19th century than temperature series that do not capture the changes in the Arctic. Updated versions of this dataset will be presented each month at the Berkeley Earth website ( http://berkeleyearth.org/data/ ), and a convenience copy of the version discussed in this paper has been archived and is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3634713 (Rohde & Hausfather, 2020).
154 citations
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TL;DR: The Watch Forcing Data (WFD) dataset as discussed by the authors has been used to generate the WFDE5 dataset for surface meteorological variables from the ERA5 reanalysis, which has a higher temporal resolution (hourly) compared to WFD (3-hourly).
Abstract: . The WFDE5 dataset has been generated using the WATCH Forcing Data (WFD) methodology applied to surface meteorological variables from the ERA5 reanalysis. The WFDEI dataset had previously been generated by applying the WFD methodology to ERA-Interim. The WFDE5 is provided at 0.5 ∘ spatial resolution but has higher temporal resolution (hourly) compared to WFDEI (3-hourly). It also has higher spatial variability since it was generated by aggregation of the higher-resolution ERA5 rather than by interpolation of the lower-resolution ERA-Interim data. Evaluation against meteorological observations at 13 globally distributed FLUXNET2015 sites shows that, on average, WFDE5 has lower mean absolute error and higher correlation than WFDEI for all variables. Bias-adjusted monthly precipitation totals of WFDE5 result in more plausible global hydrological water balance components when analysed in an uncalibrated hydrological model (WaterGAP) than with the use of raw ERA5 data for model forcing. The dataset, which can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.20d54e34 ( C3S , 2020 b ) , is distributed by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) through its Climate Data Store (CDS, C3S , 2020 a ) and currently spans from the start of January 1979 to the end of 2018. The dataset has been produced using a number of CDS Toolbox applications, whose source code is available with the data – allowing users to regenerate part of the dataset or apply the same approach to other data. Future updates are expected spanning from 1950 to the most recent year. A sample of the complete dataset, which covers the whole of the year 2016, is accessible without registration to the CDS at https://doi.org/10.21957/935p-cj60 ( Cucchi et al. , 2020 ) .
147 citations
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TL;DR: Liu et al. as mentioned in this paper built the first record of 34-year-long annual dynamics of global land cover (GLASS-GLC) at 5'km resolution using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform.
Abstract: . Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the Earth. As the cause and result of global environmental change, land cover
change (LCC) influences the global energy balance and biogeochemical cycles.
Continuous and dynamic monitoring of global LC is urgently needed. Effective
monitoring and comprehensive analysis of LCC at the global scale are rare.
With the latest version of GLASS (Global Land Surface Satellite) CDRs
(climate data records) from 1982 to 2015, we built the first record of
34-year-long annual dynamics of global land cover (GLASS-GLC) at 5 km
resolution using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Compared to earlier
global land cover (LC) products, GLASS-GLC is characterized by high consistency, more
detail, and longer temporal coverage. The average overall accuracy for the
34 years each with seven classes, including cropland, forest, grassland,
shrubland, tundra, barren land, and snow/ice, is 82.81 % based on 2431
test sample units. We implemented a systematic uncertainty analysis and
carried out a comprehensive spatiotemporal pattern analysis. Significant
changes at various scales were found, including barren land loss and
cropland gain in the tropics, forest gain in the Northern Hemisphere, and
grassland loss in Asia. A global quantitative analysis of human factors
showed that the average human impact level in areas with significant LCC was
about 25.49 %. The anthropogenic influence has a strong correlation with
the noticeable vegetation gain, especially for forest. Based on GLASS-GLC,
we can conduct long-term LCC analysis, improve our understanding of global
environmental change, and mitigate its negative impact. GLASS-GLC will be
further applied in Earth system modeling to facilitate research on global
carbon and water cycling, vegetation dynamics, and climate change. The
GLASS-GLC data set presented in this article is available at
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.913496 (Liu et al., 2020).
143 citations
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Chinese Academy of Sciences1, Met Office2, Columbia University3, University of California, San Diego4, St. Francis Xavier University5, Silver Spring Networks6, Memorial University of Newfoundland7, IFREMER8, Hobart Corporation9, University of Graz10, University of Vienna11, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory12, University of Bremen13, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts14, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory15, ETH Zurich16, University of Leeds17, Yale University18, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution19
TL;DR: Von Schuckmann et al. as mentioned in this paper presented an updated assessment of ocean warming estimates as well as new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960-2018.
Abstract: . Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at
the top of the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the most critical number defining the prospects for continued global warming and climate change. Understanding the heat gain of
the Earth system – and particularly how much and where the heat is
distributed – is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming
ocean, atmosphere and land; rising surface temperature; sea level; and loss
of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society.
This study is a Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted
international effort to update the Earth heat inventory and presents an
updated assessment of ocean warming estimates as well as new and updated estimates
of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period
1960–2018. The study obtains a consistent long-term Earth system heat gain
over the period 1971–2018, with a total heat gain of 358±37 ZJ,
which is equivalent to a global heating rate of 0.47±0.1 W m −2 .
Over the period 1971–2018 (2010–2018), the majority of heat gain is reported
for the global ocean with 89 % (90 %), with 52 % for both periods in
the upper 700 m depth, 28 % (30 %) for the 700–2000 m depth layer and 9 % (8 %) below 2000 m depth. Heat gain over land amounts to 6 %
(5 %) over these periods, 4 % (3 %) is available for the melting of
grounded and floating ice, and 1 % (2 %) is available for atmospheric warming. Our
results also show that EEI is not only continuing, but also increasing: the EEI
amounts to 0.87±0.12 W m −2 during 2010–2018. Stabilization of
climate, the goal of the universally agreed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Paris
Agreement in 2015, requires that EEI be reduced to approximately zero to
achieve Earth's system quasi-equilibrium. The amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere would need to be reduced from 410 to 353 ppm to increase heat
radiation to space by 0.87 W m −2 , bringing Earth back towards energy
balance. This simple number, EEI, is the most fundamental metric that the
scientific community and public must be aware of as the measure of how well
the world is doing in the task of bringing climate change under control, and
we call for an implementation of the EEI into the global stocktake based on
best available science. Continued quantification and reduced uncertainties
in the Earth heat inventory can be best achieved through the maintenance of
the current global climate observing system, its extension into areas of
gaps in the sampling, and the establishment of an international framework for
concerted multidisciplinary research of the Earth heat inventory as
presented in this study. This Earth heat inventory is published at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ, https://www.dkrz.de/ , last access: 7 August 2020) under the DOI
https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_EXP_v2
(von Schuckmann et al., 2020).
141 citations
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TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a multi-source, multi-temporal random forest classification (MSMT_RF) method based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform.
Abstract: . The amount of impervious surface is an important indicator in the monitoring of the intensity of human activity and environmental change. The use of remote sensing techniques is the only means of accurately carrying out global mapping of impervious surfaces covering large areas. Optical imagery can capture surface reflectance characteristics, while synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images can be used to provide information on the structure and dielectric properties of surface materials. In addition, night-time light (NTL) imagery can detect the intensity of human activity and thus provide important a priori probabilities of the occurrence of impervious surfaces. In this study, we aimed to generate an accurate global impervious surface map at a resolution of 30-m for 2015 by combining Landsat-8 OLI optical images, Sentinel-1 SAR images and VIIRS NTL images based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. First, the global impervious and non-impervious training samples were automatically derived by combining the GlobeLand30 land-cover product with VIIRS NTL and MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) imagery. Then, based on global training samples and multi-source and multi-temporal imagery, a random forest classifier was trained and used to generate corresponding impervious surface maps for each 5°×5° cell of a geographical grid. Finally, a global impervious surface map, produced by mosaicking numerous 5°×5° regional maps, was validated by interpretation samples and then compared with three existing impervious products (GlobeLand30, FROM_GLC and NUACI). The results indicated that the global impervious surface map produced using the proposed multi-source, multi-temporal random forest classification (MSMT_RF) method was the most accurate of the maps, having an overall accuracy of 96.6 % and kappa coefficient of 0.903 as against 92.5 % and 0.769 for FROM_GLC, 91.1 % and 0.717 for GlobeLand30, and 87.43 % and 0.585 for NUACI. Therefore, it is concluded that a global 30-m impervious surface map can accurately and efficiently be generated by the proposed MSMT_RF method based on the GEE platform. The global impervious surface map generated in this paper are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3505079 (Zhang et al., 2019).
140 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new series of long-term vegetation optical depth (VOD) products, VODCA, is presented, which combines VOD retrievals from multiple sensors (SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, and AMSR2) using the Land Parameter Retrieval Model.
Abstract: . Since the late 1970s, space-borne microwave radiometers have been providing measurements of radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface. From these measurements it is possible to derive vegetation optical depth (VOD), a model-based indicator related to the density, biomass, and water content of vegetation. Because of its high temporal resolution and long availability, VOD can be used to monitor short- to long-term changes in vegetation. However, studying long-term VOD dynamics is generally hampered by the relatively short time span covered by the individual microwave sensors. This can potentially be overcome by merging multiple VOD products into a single climate data record. However, combining multiple sensors into a single product is challenging as systematic differences between input products like biases, different temporal and spatial resolutions, and coverage need to be overcome. Here, we present a new series of long-term VOD products, the VOD Climate Archive (VODCA). VODCA combines VOD retrievals that have been derived from multiple sensors (SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, and AMSR2) using the Land Parameter Retrieval Model. We produce separate VOD products for microwave observations in different spectral bands, namely the Ku-band (period 1987–2017), X-band (1997–2018), and C-band (2002–2018). In this way, our multi-band VOD products preserve the unique characteristics of each frequency with respect to the structural elements of the canopy. Our merging approach builds on an existing approach that is used to merge satellite products of surface soil moisture: first, the data sets are co-calibrated via cumulative distribution function matching using AMSR-E as the scaling reference. To do so, we apply a new matching technique that scales outliers more robustly than ordinary piecewise linear interpolation. Second, we aggregate the data sets by taking the arithmetic mean between temporally overlapping observations of the scaled data. The characteristics of VODCA are assessed for self-consistency and against other products. Using an autocorrelation analysis, we show that the merging of the multiple data sets successfully reduces the random error compared to the input data sets. Spatio-temporal patterns and anomalies of the merged products show consistency between frequencies and with leaf area index observations from the MODIS instrument as well as with Vegetation Continuous Fields from the AVHRR instruments. Long-term trends in Ku-band VODCA show that since 1987 there has been a decline in VOD in the tropics and in large parts of east-central and north Asia, while a substantial increase is observed in India, large parts of Australia, southern Africa, southeastern China, and central North America. In summary, VODCA shows vast potential for monitoring spatial–temporal ecosystem changes as it is sensitive to vegetation water content and unaffected by cloud cover or high sun zenith angles. As such, it complements existing long-term optical indices of greenness and leaf area. The VODCA products ( Moesinger et al. , 2019 ) are open access and available under Attribution 4.0 International at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2575599 .
••
TL;DR: This work introduces SPAM2010 – the latest global spatially explicit datasets on agricultural production circa 2010 – and elaborate on the improvement of the SPAM (Spatial Production Allocation Model) dataset family since 2000.
Abstract: Data on global agricultural production are usually available as statistics at administrative units, which does not give any diversity and spatial patterns; thus they are less informative for subsequent spatially explicit agricultural and environmental analyses. In the second part of the two-paper series, we introduce SPAM2010 – the latest global spatially explicit datasets on agricultural production circa 2010 – and elaborate on the improvement of the SPAM (Spatial Production Allocation Model) dataset family since 2000. SPAM2010 adds further methodological and data enhancements to the available crop downscaling modeling, which mainly include the update of base year, the extension of crop list, and the expansion of subnational administrative-unit coverage. Specifically, it not only applies the latest global synergy cropland layer (see Lu et al., submitted to the current journal) and other relevant data but also expands the estimates of crop area, yield, and production from 20 to 42 major crops under four farming systems across a global 5 arcmin grid. All the SPAM maps are freely available at the MapSPAM website (http://mapspam.info/, last access: 11 December 2020), which not only acts as a tool for validating and improving the performance of the SPAM maps by collecting feedback from users but is also a platform providing archived global agricultural-production maps for better targeting the Sustainable Development Goals. In particular, SPAM2010 can be downloaded via an open-data repository (DOI: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V; IFPRI, 2019).
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TL;DR: The Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) as discussed by the authors reanalysis dataset has been used to estimate how much water is flowing through rivers at a global scale by coupling surface and sub-surface runoff from the Hydrology Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land (HTESSEL) land surface model with the LISFLOOD hydrological and channel routing model.
Abstract: . Estimating how much water is flowing through rivers at
the global scale is challenging due to a lack of observations in space and
time. A way forward is to optimally combine the global network of earth
system observations with advanced numerical weather prediction (NWP) models
to generate consistent spatio-temporal maps of land, ocean, and atmospheric
variables of interest, which is known as a reanalysis. While the current generation
of NWP models output runoff at each grid cell, they currently do not produce river
discharge at catchment scales directly and thus have limited utility in
hydrological applications such as flood and drought monitoring and
forecasting. This is overcome in the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS;
http://www.globalfloods.eu/ , last access: 28 June 2020) by coupling surface and
sub-surface runoff from the Hydrology Tiled
ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land (HTESSEL) land surface model used within ECMWF's
latest global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) with the LISFLOOD hydrological
and channel routing model. The aim of this paper is to describe and evaluate
the GloFAS-ERA5 global river discharge reanalysis dataset launched on 5 November 2019 (version 2.1 release). The river discharge reanalysis is a
global gridded dataset with a horizontal resolution of 0.1 ∘ at a
daily time step. An innovative feature is that it is produced in an
operational environment so is available to users from 1 January 1979 until
near real time (2 to 5 d behind real time). The reanalysis was evaluated
against a global network of 1801 daily river discharge observation stations.
Results found that the GloFAS-ERA5 reanalysis was skilful against a mean
flow benchmark in 86 % of catchments according to the modified
Kling–Gupta efficiency skill score, although the strength of skill varied
considerably with location. The global median Pearson correlation
coefficient was 0.61 with an interquartile range of 0.44 to 0.74. The
long-term and operational nature of the GloFAS-ERA5 reanalysis dataset
provides a valuable dataset to the user community for applications ranging
from monitoring global flood and drought conditions to the identification of
hydroclimatic variability and change and as raw input for post-processing
and machine learning methods that can add further value. The dataset is
openly available from the Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data
Store: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/cems-glofas-historical?tab=overview (last access: 28 June 2020) with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.a4fdd6b9 (C3S, 2019).
••
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper integrated glacier inventory data and 426 Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images, and adopted manual visual interpretation to extract glacial lake boundaries within a 10-km buffer from glacier terminals using ArcGIS and ENVI software, normalized difference water index maps, and Google Earth images.
Abstract: . There is currently no glacial lake inventory data set for the entire High Mountain Asia (HMA) area. The definition and classification of glacial lakes remain controversial, presenting certain obstacles to extensive utilization of glacial lake inventory data. This study integrated glacier inventory data and 426 Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images, and adopted manual visual interpretation to extract glacial lake boundaries within a 10-km buffer from glacier terminals using ArcGIS and ENVI software, normalized difference water index maps, and Google Earth images. The theoretical and methodological basis for all processing steps including glacial lake definition and classification, lake boundary delineation, and error assessment are discussed comprehensively in the paper. Moreover, detailed information regarding the coding, location, perimeter and area, area error, type, time phase, source image information, and sub-regions of the located lakes is presented. It was established that 26,089 and 28,953 glacial lakes in HMA, with sizes of 0.0054–5.83 km2, covered a combined area of 1692.74 ± 231.44 and 1955.94 ± 259.68 km2 in 1990 and 2018, respectively. The data set now is available at the National Special Environment and Function of Observation and Research Stations Shared Service Platform (China) at http://dx.doi.org/10.12072/casnw.064.2019.db (Wang et al., 2019a).
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a long-term (2005-2016) in-situ observational dataset of hourly land-atmosphere interaction observations from an integrated high-elevation and cold-region observational network, composed of six field stations on the Tibetan Plateau (TP).
Abstract: . The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a critical role in influencing regional and global climate, via
both thermal and dynamical mechanisms. Meanwhile, as the largest high-elevation part of the
cryosphere outside the polar regions, with vast areas of mountain glaciers, permafrost and
seasonally frozen ground, the TP is characterized as an area sensitive to global climate
change. However, meteorological stations are biased and sparsely distributed over the TP, owing to
the harsh environmental conditions, high elevations, complex topography and heterogeneous
surfaces. Moreover, due to the weak representation of the stations, atmospheric conditions and the
local land–atmosphere coupled system over the TP as well as its effects on surrounding regions are
poorly quantified. This paper presents a long-term (2005–2016) in situ observational dataset of
hourly land–atmosphere interaction observations from an integrated high-elevation and cold-region
observation network, composed of six field stations on the TP. These in situ observations contain
both meteorological and micrometeorological measurements including gradient meteorology, surface
radiation, eddy covariance (EC), soil temperature and soil water content profiles. Meteorological
data were monitored by automatic weather stations (AWSs) or planetary boundary layer (PBL)
observation systems. Multilayer soil temperature and moisture were recorded to capture vertical
hydrothermal variations and the soil freeze–thaw process. In addition, an EC system consisting of
an ultrasonic anemometer and an infrared gas analyzer was installed at each station to capture the
high-frequency vertical exchanges of energy, momentum, water vapor and carbon dioxide within the
atmospheric boundary layer. The release of these continuous and long-term datasets with hourly
resolution represents a leap forward in scientific data sharing across the TP, and it has been
partially used in the past to assist in understanding key land surface processes. This dataset is
described here comprehensively for facilitating a broader multidisciplinary community by enabling
the evaluation and development of existing or new remote sensing algorithms as well as geophysical
models for climate research and forecasting. The whole datasets are freely available at the Science
Data Bank ( https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00103 ; Ma et al., 2020) and additionally at
the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center
( https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270910 , Ma 2020).
••
TL;DR: Coxon et al. as discussed by the authors presented the first large-sample catchment hydrology dataset for Great Britain, CAMELS-GB (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sampleStudies).
Abstract: . We present the first large-sample catchment hydrology dataset for Great
Britain, CAMELS-GB (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample
Studies). CAMELS-GB collates river flows, catchment attributes and catchment
boundaries from the UK National River Flow Archive together with a suite of
new meteorological time series and catchment attributes. These data are
provided for 671 catchments that cover a wide range of climatic,
hydrological, landscape, and human management characteristics across Great
Britain. Daily time series covering 1970–2015 (a period including several
hydrological extreme events) are provided for a range of
hydro-meteorological variables including rainfall, potential
evapotranspiration, temperature, radiation, humidity, and river flow. A
comprehensive set of catchment attributes is quantified including
topography, climate, hydrology, land cover, soils, and hydrogeology.
Importantly, we also derive human management attributes (including
attributes summarising abstractions, returns, and reservoir capacity in each
catchment), as well as attributes describing the quality of the flow data
including the first set of discharge uncertainty estimates (provided at
multiple flow quantiles) for Great Britain. CAMELS-GB (Coxon et al., 2020;
available at https://doi.org/10.5285/8344e4f3-d2ea-44f5-8afa-86d2987543a9 )
is intended for the community as a publicly available, easily accessible
dataset to use in a wide range of environmental and modelling analyses.
••
TL;DR: Paul et al. as discussed by the authors presented a new Alpine-wide glacier inventory with an unprecedented spatial resolution of 10m using the first Sentinel-2 images from August 2015, which provided excellent mapping conditions for most glacierized regions in the Alps and were used as a base for compiling an update consistent with previous interpretation.
Abstract: . The ongoing glacier shrinkage in the Alps requires frequent updates of
glacier outlines to provide an accurate database for monitoring, modelling
purposes (e.g. determination of run-off, mass balance, or future glacier
extent), and other applications. With the launch of the first Sentinel-2 (S2)
satellite in 2015, it became possible to create a consistent, Alpine-wide
glacier inventory with an unprecedented spatial resolution of 10 m. The first S2 images from August 2015 already provided excellent mapping conditions
for most glacierized regions in the Alps and were used as a base for the
compilation of a new Alpine-wide glacier inventory in a collaborative team
effort. In all countries, glacier outlines from the latest national
inventories have been used as a guide to compile an update consistent with
the respective previous interpretation. The automated mapping of clean
glacier ice was straightforward using the band ratio method, but the
numerous debris-covered glaciers required intense manual editing. Cloud
cover over many glaciers in Italy required also including S2 scenes from
2016. The outline uncertainty was determined with digitizing of 14
glaciers several times by all participants. Topographic information for all glaciers was
obtained from the ALOS AW3D30 digital elevation model (DEM). Overall, we derived a total glacier area
of 1806±60 km 2 when considering 4395 glaciers >0.01 km 2 . This is 14 % ( −1.2 % a −1 ) less than the 2100 km 2 derived
from Landsat in 2003 and indicates an unabated continuation of glacier
shrinkage in the Alps since the mid-1980s. It is a lower-bound estimate, as
due to the higher spatial resolution of S2 many small glaciers were
additionally mapped or increased in size compared to 2003. Median
elevations peak around 3000 m a.s.l., with a high variability that depends on
location and aspect. The uncertainty assessment revealed locally strong
differences in interpretation of debris-covered glaciers, resulting in
limitations for change assessment when using glacier extents digitized by
different analysts. The inventory is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.909133 (Paul et al., 2019).
••
TL;DR: Luo et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a 1'km grid crop phenology dataset, called ChinaCropPhen1km, for three main crops from 2000 to 2015 based on Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI).
Abstract: . Crop phenology provides essential information for monitoring and modeling land
surface phenology dynamics and crop management and
production. Most previous studies mainly investigated crop phenology at the site
scale; however, monitoring and modeling land surface phenology dynamics at
a large scale need high-resolution spatially explicit information on crop
phenology dynamics. In this study, we produced a 1 km grid crop phenological
dataset for three main crops from 2000 to 2015 based on Global Land Surface
Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI) products, called ChinaCropPhen1km.
First, we compared three common smoothing methods and chose the most
suitable one for different crops and regions. Then, we developed an optimal
filter-based phenology detection (OFP) approach which combined both
the inflection- and threshold-based methods and detected the key phenological
stages of three staple crops at 1 km spatial resolution across China.
Finally, we established a high-resolution gridded-phenology product for
three staple crops in China during 2000–2015. Compared with the intensive
phenological observations from the agricultural meteorological stations
(AMSs) of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), the dataset had high
accuracy, with errors of the retrieved phenological date being less than 10 d, and
represented the spatiotemporal patterns of the observed phenological
dynamics at the site scale fairly well. The well-validated dataset can be
applied for many purposes, including improving agricultural-system or earth-system modeling over a large area (DOI of the referenced dataset:
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8313530 ; Luo et al., 2019).
••
TL;DR: Theobald et al. as mentioned in this paper found that the expansion of and increase in human modification between 1990 and 2015 resulted in 1.6 million km2 of natural land lost, and the biomes with the greatest loss were mangroves, tropical and sub-tropical moist broadleaf forests, and tropical and subtropical dry broadband forests.
Abstract: . Data on the extent, patterns, and trends of human land use are critically
important to support global and national priorities for conservation and
sustainable development. To inform these issues, we created a series of
detailed global datasets for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 to evaluate temporal
and spatial trends of land use modification of terrestrial lands (excluding
Antarctica). We found that the expansion of and increase in human modification
between 1990 and 2015 resulted in 1.6 M km2 of natural land lost. The
percent change between 1990 and 2015 was 15.2 % or 0.6 % annually –
about 178 km2 daily or over 12 ha min −1 . Worrisomely, we
found that the global rate of loss has increased over the past 25 years. The
greatest loss of natural lands from 1990 to 2015 occurred in Oceania, Asia, and
Europe, and the biomes with the greatest loss were mangroves, tropical and
subtropical moist broadleaf forests, and tropical and subtropical dry
broadleaf forests. We also created a contemporary ( ∼2017 )
estimate of human modification that included additional stressors and found
that globally 14.6 % or 18.5 M km2 ( ±0.0013 ) of lands have
been modified – an area greater than Russia. Our novel datasets are
detailed (0.09 km2 resolution), temporal (1990–2015), recent
( ∼2017 ), comprehensive (11 change stressors, 14 current),
robust (using an established framework and incorporating classification
errors and parameter uncertainty), and strongly validated. We believe these
datasets support an improved understanding of the profound transformation
wrought by human activities and provide foundational data on the amount,
patterns, and rates of landscape change to inform planning and decision-making for environmental mitigation, protection, and restoration. The datasets generated from this work are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3963013 (Theobald et al., 2020).
••
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen1, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences2, Princeton University3, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research4, Silver Spring Networks5, Dartmouth College6, Scripps Institution of Oceanography7, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton8, University of Washington9, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory10, Rio de Janeiro State University11, University of Groningen12, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research13, Japan Meteorological Agency14, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research15, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology16, Spanish National Research Council17, University of Bremen18, University of Tasmania19, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory20
TL;DR: The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAPv2.2020) as mentioned in this paper is the most recent version of GLODAP, which provides regular compilations of surface-to-bottom ocean biogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry.
Abstract: . The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a
synthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface-to-bottom ocean
biogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry
and related variables determined through chemical analysis of seawater
samples. GLODAPv2.2020 is an update of the previous version, GLODAPv2.2019.
The major changes are data from 106 new cruises added, extension of time
coverage to 2019, and the inclusion of available (also for historical
cruises) discrete fugacity of CO2 ( fCO2 ) values in the merged
product files. GLODAPv2.2020 now includes measurements from more than 1.2 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 946 cruises. The
data for the 12 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate,
phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, CFC-11, CFC-12,
CFC-113, and CCl4 ) have undergone extensive quality control with a
focus on systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two
formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but updated to WOCE
exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments applied
to minimize bias. These adjustments were derived by comparing the data from
the 106 new cruises with the data from the 840 quality-controlled cruises of
the GLODAPv2.2019 data product using crossover analysis. Comparisons to
empirical algorithm estimates provided additional context for adjustment
decisions; this is new to this version. The adjustments are intended to
remove potential biases from errors related to measurement, calibration, and
data-handling practices without removing known or likely time trends or
variations in the variables evaluated. The compiled and adjusted data
product is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen, 2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate,
4 µmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4 µmol kg−1
in total alkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH (depending on region), and 5 % in
the halogenated transient tracers. The other variables included in the
compilation, such as isotopic tracers and discrete fCO2 , were not
subjected to bias comparison or adjustments. The original data and their documentation and DOI codes are available at the
Ocean Carbon Data System of NOAA NCEI
( https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/GLODAPv2_2020/ , last
access: 20 June 2020). This site also provides access to the merged data
product, which is provided as a single global file and as four regional ones
– the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans –
under https://doi.org/10.25921/2c8h-sa89 (Olsen et al., 2020). These
bias-adjusted product files also include significant ancillary and
approximated data. These were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation
from, measured data. This living data update documents the GLODAPv2.2020
methods and provides a broad overview of the secondary quality control
procedures and results.
••
TL;DR: Chen et al. as discussed by the authors presented the analysis of aerosol products obtained by the Generalized Retrieval of Atmospheric and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm from POLDER/PARASOL observations.
Abstract: . Proven by multiple theoretical and practical studies,
multi-angular spectral polarimetry is ideal for comprehensive retrieval of
properties of aerosols. Furthermore, a large number of advanced space
polarimeters have been launched recently or planned to be deployed in the
coming few years (Dubovik et al.,
2019). Nevertheless, at present, practical utilization of aerosol products
from polarimetry is rather limited, due to the relatively small number of
polarimetric compared to photometric observations, as well as challenges in
making full use of the extensive information content available in these
complex observations. Indeed, while in recent years several new algorithms
have been developed to provide enhanced aerosol retrievals from satellite
polarimetry, the practical value of available aerosol products from
polarimeters yet remains to be proven. In this regard, this paper presents
the analysis of aerosol products obtained by the Generalized Retrieval of
Atmosphere and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm from POLDER/PARASOL
observations. After about a decade of development, GRASP has been adapted
for operational processing of polarimetric satellite observations and
several aerosol products from POLDER/PARASOL observations have been
released. These updated PARASOL/GRASP products are publicly available (e.g.,
http://www.icare.univ-lille.fr , last access: 16 October 2018, http://www.grasp-open.com/products/ , last access: 28 March 2020); the dataset used in the current study is
registered under https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3887265 (Chen
et al., 2020). The objective of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the GRASP aerosol
products obtained from POLDER/PARASOL observations. First, the validation of
the entire 2005–2013 archive was conducted by comparing to ground-based
Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data. The subjects of the validation are
spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol absorption optical depth
(AAOD) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) at six wavelengths, as well as
Angstrom exponent (AE), fine-mode AOD (AODF) and coarse-mode AOD
(AODC) interpolated to the reference wavelength 550 nm. Second, an
inter-comparison of PARASOL/GRASP products with the PARASOL/Operational,
MODIS Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB) and Multi-Angle Implementation of
Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) aerosol products for the year 2008 was
performed. Over land both satellite data validations and inter-comparisons
were conducted separately for different surface types, discriminated by bins
of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI): 0.2, 0.2 ≤
and 0.4, 0.4 ≤ and 0.6, and ≥ 0.6. Three
PARASOL/GRASP products were analyzed: GRASP/HP (“High Precision”),
Optimized and Models. These different products are consistent but were
obtained using different assumptions in aerosol modeling with different
accuracies of atmospheric radiative transfer (RT) calculations.
Specifically, when using GRASP/HP or Optimized there is direct retrieval of
the aerosol size distribution and spectral complex index of refraction. When
using GRASP/Models, the aerosol is approximated by a mixture of several
prescribed aerosol components, each with their own fixed size distribution
and optical properties, and only the concentrations of those components are
retrieved. GRASP/HP employs the most accurate RT calculations, while
GRASP/Optimized and GRASP/Models are optimized to achieve the best trade-off
between accuracy and speed. In all these three options, the underlying
surface reflectance is retrieved simultaneously with the aerosol properties,
and the radiative transfer calculations are performed “online” during the
retrieval. All validation results obtained for the full archive of PARASOL/GRASP
products show solid quality of retrieved aerosol characteristics. The
GRASP/Models retrievals, however, provided the most solid AOD products, e.g.,
AOD (550 nm) is unbiased and has the highest correlation ( R ∼ 0.92) and the highest fraction of retrievals ( ∼ 55.3 %)
satisfying the accuracy requirements of the Global Climate Observing System
(GCOS) when compared to AERONET observations. GRASP/HP and GRASP/Optimized
AOD products show a non-negligible positive bias ( ∼ 0.07) when
AOD is low ( 0.2). On the other hand, the detailed aerosol
microphysical characteristics (AE, AODF, AODC, SSA, etc.) provided by
GRASP/HP and GRASP/Optimized correlate generally better with AERONET than do
the results of GRASP/Models. Overall, GRASP/HP processing demonstrates the
high quality of microphysical characteristics retrieval versus AERONET.
Evidently, the GRASP/Models approach is more adapted for retrieval of total AOD,
while the detailed aerosol microphysical properties are limited when a
mixture of aerosol models with fixed optical properties are used. The results of a comparative analysis of PARASOL/GRASP and MODIS products
showed that, based on validation against AERONET, the PARASOL/GRASP AOD (550 nm) product is of similar and sometimes of higher quality compared to the
MODIS products. All AOD retrievals are more accurate and in good agreement
over ocean. Over land, especially over bright surfaces, the retrieval
quality degrades and the differences in total AOD products increase. The
detailed aerosol characteristics, such as AE, AODF and AODC from
PARASOL/GRASP, are generally more reliable, especially over land. The global
inter-comparisons of PARASOL/GRASP versus MODIS showed rather robust
agreement, though some patterns and tendencies were observed. Over ocean,
PARASOL/Models and MODIS/DT AOD agree well with the correlation coefficient
of 0.92. Over land, the correlation between PARASOL/Models and the different
MODIS products is lower, ranging from 0.76 to 0.85. There is no significant
global offset; though over bright surfaces MODIS products tend to show
higher values compared to PARASOL/Models when AOD is low and smaller values
for moderate and high AODs. Seasonal AOD means suggest that PARASOL/GRASP
products show more biomass burning aerosol loading in central Africa and
dust over the Taklamakan Desert, but less AOD in the northern Sahara. It is
noticeable also that the correlation for the data over AERONET sites are
somewhat higher, suggesting that the retrieval assumptions generally work
better over AERONET sites than over the rest of the globe. One of the
potential reasons may be that MODIS retrievals, in general, rely more on
AERONET climatology than GRASP retrievals. Overall, the analysis shows that the quality of AOD retrieval from
multi-angular polarimetric observations like POLDER is at least comparable
to that of single-viewing MODIS-like imagers. At the same time, the
multi-angular polarimetric observations provide more information on other
aerosol properties (e.g., spectral AODF, AODC, AE), as well as additional
parameters such as AAOD and SSA.
••
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a global inventory of methane emissions from oil, gas, and coal exploitation that is at 0.1 ∘ × 0. 1 ∘ resolution and resolves the subsectors of oil and gas exploitation.
Abstract: . Individual countries report national emissions of
methane, a potent greenhouse gas, in accordance with the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We present a global
inventory of methane emissions from oil, gas, and coal exploitation that
spatially allocates the national emissions reported to the UNFCCC
(Scarpelli et al., 2019). Our inventory is at 0.1 ∘ × 0.1 ∘ resolution and resolves the subsectors of oil and gas
exploitation, from upstream to downstream, and the different emission
processes (leakage, venting, flaring). Global emissions for 2016 are 41.5 Tg a −1 for oil, 24.4 Tg a −1 for gas, and 31.3 Tg a −1 for coal.
An array of databases is used to spatially allocate national emissions to
infrastructure, including wells, pipelines, oil refineries, gas processing
plants, gas compressor stations, gas storage facilities, and coal mines.
Gridded error estimates are provided in normal and lognormal forms based on
emission factor uncertainties from the IPCC. Our inventory shows large
differences with the EDGAR v4.3.2 global gridded inventory both at the
national scale and in finer-scale spatial allocation. It shows good
agreement with the gridded version of the United Kingdom's National
Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI). There are significant errors on the
0.1 ∘ × 0.1 ∘ grid associated with the location and magnitude
of large point sources, but these are smoothed out when averaging the
inventory over a coarser grid. Use of our inventory as prior estimate in
inverse analyses of atmospheric methane observations allows investigation of
individual subsector contributions and can serve policy needs by evaluating
the national emissions totals reported to the UNFCCC. Gridded data sets can
be accessed at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HH4EUM (Scarpelli et al., 2019).
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TL;DR: The Sea State Climate Change Initiative (CCI) dataset v1.1 as mentioned in this paper is the first version of the Sea State CCI dataset and is available on the ESA CCI website (http://cci.ceda.ac.int/data ).
Abstract: . Sea state data are of major importance for climate studies, marine engineering, safety at sea, and coastal management. However, long-term sea state datasets are sparse and not always consistent, and sea state data users still mostly rely on numerical wave models for research and engineering applications. Facing the urgent need for a sea state Climate Data Record, the Global Climate Observing System has listed Sea State as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV), fostering the launch in 2018 of the Sea State Climate Change Initiative (CCI). The CCI is a program of the European Space Agency, whose objective is to realize the full potential of global Earth Observation archives established by ESA and its member states in order to contribute to the ECV database. This paper presents the implementation of the first release of the Sea State CCI dataset, the implementation and benefits of a high-level denoising method, its validation against in-situ measurements and numerical model outputs, and the future developments considered within the Sea State CCI project. The Sea State CCI dataset v1 is freely available on the ESA CCI website ( http://cci.esa.int/data ) at ftp://anon-ftp.ceda.ac.uk/neodc/esacci/sea_state/data/v1.1_release/ . Three products are available: a multi-mission along-track L2P product ( https://doi.org/10.5285/f91cd3ee7b6243d5b7d41b9beaf397e1 , Piolle et al., 2020a), a daily merged multi mission along-track L3 product ( https://doi.org/10.5285/3ef6a5a66e9947d39b356251909dc12b , Piolle et al., 2020b) and a multi-mission monthly gridded L4 product ( https://doi.org/10.5285/47140d618dcc40309e1edbca7e773478 , Piolle et al., 2020c).
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TL;DR: Dong et al. as discussed by the authors applied a phenology-based approach to distinguish winter wheat from other crops by comparing the similarity of the seasonal changes of satellite-based vegetation index over all croplands with a standard seasonal change derived from known winter wheat fields.
Abstract: . Early-season crop identification is of great importance
for monitoring crop growth and predicting yield for decision makers and
private sectors. As one of the largest producers of winter wheat worldwide,
China outputs more than 18 % of the global production of winter wheat.
However, there are no distribution maps of winter wheat over a large spatial
extent with high spatial resolution. In this study, we applied a
phenology-based approach to distinguish winter wheat from other crops by
comparing the similarity of the seasonal changes of satellite-based
vegetation index over all croplands with a standard seasonal change derived
from known winter wheat fields. Especially, this study examined the
potential of early-season large-area mapping of winter wheat and developed
accurate winter wheat maps with 30 m spatial resolution for 3 years
(2016–2018) over 11 provinces, which produce more than 98 % of the
winter wheat in China. A comprehensive assessment based on survey samples
revealed producer's and user's accuracies higher than 89.30 % and 90.59 %,
respectively. The estimated winter wheat area exhibited good correlations
with the agricultural statistical area data at the municipal and county
levels. In addition, the earliest identifiable time of the geographical
location of winter wheat was achieved by the end of March, giving a lead
time of approximately 3 months before harvest, and the optimal
identifiable time of winter wheat was at the end of April with an overall
accuracy of 89.88 %. These results are expected to aid in the timely
monitoring of crop growth. The 30 m winter wheat maps in China are available
via an open-data repository (DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12003990 , Dong et al., 2020a).
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TL;DR: Mankoff et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a 1986 through March 2020 estimate of Greenland Ice Sheet ice discharge through an automatic and adaptable method, as opposed to conventional hand-picked gates.
Abstract: We present a 1986 through March 2020 estimate of Greenland Ice Sheet ice discharge Our data include all discharging ice that flows faster than 100 m yr −1 and are generated through an automatic and adaptable method, as opposed to conventional handpicked gates We position gates near the present-year termini and estimate problematic bed topography (ice thickness) values where necessary In addition to using annual time-varying ice thickness, our time series uses velocity maps that begin with sparse spatial and temporal coverage and end with near-complete spatial coverage and 12 d updates to velocity The 2010 through 2019 average ice discharge through the flux gates is ∼ 487 ± 49 Gt yr −1 The 10 % uncertainty stems primarily from uncertain ice bed location (ice thickness) We attribute the ∼50 Gt yr −1 differences among our results and previous studies to our use of updated bed topography from BedMachine v3 Discharge is approximately steady from 1986 to 2000, increases sharply from 2000 to 2005, and then is approximately steady again However, regional and glacier variability is more pronounced, with recent decreases at most major glaciers and in all but one region offset by increases in the northwest region through 2017 and in the southeast from 2017 through March 2020 As part of the journal's living archive option and our goal to make an operational product, all input data, code, and results from this study will be updated as needed (when new input data are available, as new features are added, or to fix bugs) and made available at https://doiorg/1022008/promice/data/ice_discharge ( Mankoff , 2020 a ) and at https://githubcom/mankoff/ice_discharge (last access: 6 June 2020, Mankoff , 2020 e )
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TL;DR: Mankoff et al. as discussed by the authors provided data sets of high-resolution Greenland hydrologic outlets, basins, and streams, as well as a daily 1958 through 2019 time series of Greenland liquid water discharge for each outlet.
Abstract: . Greenland runoff, from ice mass loss and increasing rainfall, is increasing. That runoff, as discharge, impacts the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the adjacent fjords. However, where and when the discharge occurs is not readily available in an open database. Here we provide data sets of high-resolution Greenland hydrologic outlets, basins, and streams, as well as a daily 1958 through 2019 time series of Greenland liquid water discharge for each outlet. The data include 24 507 ice marginal outlets and upstream basins and 29 635 land coast outlets and upstream basins, derived from the 100 m ArcticDEM and 150 m BedMachine. At each outlet there are daily discharge data for 22 645 d – ice sheet runoff routed subglacially to ice margin outlets and land runoff routed to coast outlets – from two regional climate models (RCMs; MAR and RACMO).
Our sensitivity study of how outlet location changes for every inland cell based on subglacial routing assumptions shows that most inland cells where runoff occurs are not highly sensitive to those routing assumptions, and outflow location does not move far. We compare RCM results with 10 gauges from streams with discharge rates spanning 4 orders of magnitude. Results show that for daily discharge at the individual basin scale the
5 % to 95 % prediction interval between modeled discharge and observations generally falls within plus or minus a factor of 5 (half an order of magnitude, or +500 % / - 80 %). Results from this study are available at
https://doi.org/10.22008/promice/freshwater ( Mankoff , 2020 a ) and code is available at http://github.com/mankoff/freshwater (last access: 6 November 2020) ( Mankoff , 2020 b ) .
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TL;DR: Peng et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) dataset to assess the impact of droughts in Africa.
Abstract: . Droughts in Africa cause severe problems, such as crop failure, food
shortages, famine, epidemics and even mass migration. To minimize the
effects of drought on water and food security on Africa, a high-resolution
drought dataset is essential to establish robust drought hazard
probabilities and to assess drought vulnerability considering a multi- and
cross-sectional perspective that includes crops, hydrological systems,
rangeland and environmental systems. Such assessments are essential for
policymakers, their advisors and other stakeholders to respond to the
pressing humanitarian issues caused by these environmental hazards. In this
study, a high spatial resolution Standardized
Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset is presented
to support these assessments. We compute historical SPEI data based on
Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS)
precipitation estimates and Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)
potential evaporation estimates. The high-resolution SPEI dataset (SPEI-HR)
presented here spans from 1981 to 2016 (36 years) with 5 km spatial
resolution over the whole of Africa. To facilitate the diagnosis of droughts of
different durations, accumulation periods from 1 to 48 months are provided.
The quality of the resulting dataset was compared with coarse-resolution
SPEI based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time Series (TS) datasets,
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from the Global
Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) project and
root zone soil moisture modelled by GLEAM. Agreement found between coarse-resolution SPEI from CRU TS (SPEI-CRU) and the developed SPEI-HR provides
confidence in the estimation of temporal and spatial variability of droughts
in Africa with SPEI-HR. In addition, agreement of SPEI-HR versus NDVI and
root zone soil moisture – with an average correlation coefficient ( R ) of 0.54
and 0.77, respectively – further implies that SPEI-HR can provide valuable
information for the study of drought-related processes and societal impacts at
sub-basin and district scales in Africa. The dataset is archived in Centre
for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) via the following link: https://doi.org/10.5285/bbdfd09a04304158b366777eba0d2aeb
(Peng et al., 2019a).
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TL;DR: For example, Landschutzer et al. as discussed by the authors presented the first combined open and coastal ocean pCO2 mapped monthly climatology from observations collected between 1998 and 2015 extracted from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database.
Abstract: . In this study, we present the first combined open and coastal ocean pCO2 mapped monthly climatology (Landschutzer et al. (2020), doi:10.25921/qb25-f418 , https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/MPI-ULB-SOM_FFN_clim.html ) constructed from observations collected between 1998 and 2015 extracted from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database. We combine two neural network-based pCO2 products, one from the open ocean and the other from the coastal ocean, and investigate their consistency along their common overlap areas. While the difference between open and coastal ocean estimates along the overlap area increases with latitude, it remains close to 0 μatm globally. Stronger discrepancies, however, exist on the regional level resulting in differences that exceed 10 % of the climatological mean pCO2, or an order of magnitude larger than the uncertainty from state of the art measurements. This also illustrates the potential of such analysis to inform the measurement community about the locations where additional measurements are essential to better represent the aquatic continuum and improve our understanding of the carbon exchange at the air water interface. A regional analysis further shows that the seasonal carbon dynamics at the coast-open interface are well represented in our climatology. While our combined product is only a first step towards a true representation of both the open ocean and the coastal ocean air-sea CO2 flux in marine carbon budgets, we show it is a feasible task and the present data product already constitutes a valuable tool to investigate and quantify the dynamics of the air-sea CO2 exchange consistently for oceanic regions regardless of its distance to the coast.
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University of Leicester1, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere2, Université Paris-Saclay3, University of Edinburgh4, University of Wollongong5, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich6, Max Planck Society7, German Aerospace Center8, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology9, Finnish Meteorological Institute10, National Institute for Environmental Studies11, University of Bremen12, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research13, California Institute of Technology14, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy15, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency16, University of Toronto17, University of Paris18
TL;DR: Parker and Boesch as mentioned in this paper presented the latest version (v9.0) of the University of Leicester GOSAT Proxy XCH4 dataset and found that 7.3 million of these are sufficiently cloud-free (37.6%) to process further and ultimately obtain 4.6 million (23.5%) high-quality XCH 4 observations.
Abstract: . This work presents the latest release (v9.0) of the University of Leicester GOSAT Proxy XCH4 dataset. Since the launch of the GOSAT satellite in 2009, these data have been produced by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) as part of the ESA Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) and Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) projects. With now over a decade of observations, we outline the many scientific studies achieved using past versions of these data in order to highlight how this latest version may be used in the future. We describe in detail how the data are generated, providing information and statistics for the entire processing chain from the L1B spectral data through to the final quality-filtered column-averaged dry-air mole fraction ( XCH4 ) data. We show that out of the 19.5 million observations made between April 2009 and December 2019, we determine that 7.3 million of these are sufficiently cloud-free (37.6 %) to process further and ultimately obtain 4.6 million (23.5 %) high-quality XCH4 observations. We separate these totals by observation mode (land and ocean sun glint) and by month, to provide data users with the expected data coverage, including highlighting periods with reduced observations due to instrumental issues. We perform extensive validation of the data against the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), comparing to ground-based observations at 22 locations worldwide. We find excellent agreement with TCCON, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the 88 345 co-located measurements. The single-measurement precision is found to be 13.72 ppb, and an overall global bias of 9.06 ppb is determined and removed from the Proxy XCH4 data. Additionally, we validate the separate components of the Proxy (namely the modelled XCO2 and the XCH4∕XCO2 ratio) and find these to be in excellent agreement with TCCON. In order to show the utility of the data for future studies, we compare against simulated XCH4 from the TM5 model. We find a high degree of consistency between the model and observations throughout both space and time. When focusing on specific regions, we find average differences ranging from just 3.9 to 15.4 ppb. We find the phase and magnitude of the seasonal cycle to be in excellent agreement, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.93 and a mean seasonal cycle amplitude difference across all regions of −0.84 ppb. These data are available at https://doi.org/10.5285/18ef8247f52a4cb6a14013f8235cc1eb ( Parker and Boesch , 2020 ) .
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TL;DR: Zhao et al. as discussed by the authors presented a unique LST dataset with a monthly temporal resolution for China from 2003 to 2017 that makes full use of the advantages of MODIS data and meteorological station data to overcome the defects of cloud influence via a reconstructing model.
Abstract: . Land surface temperature (LST) is a key variable for high
temperature and drought monitoring and climate and ecological environment
research. Due to the sparse distribution of ground observation stations,
thermal infrared remote sensing technology has become an important means of
quickly obtaining ground temperature over large areas. However, there are
many missing and low-quality values in satellite-based LST data because
clouds cover more than 60 % of the global surface every day. This article
presents a unique LST dataset with a monthly temporal resolution for China from
2003 to 2017 that makes full use of the advantages of MODIS data and
meteorological station data to overcome the defects of cloud influence via a
reconstruction model. We specifically describe the reconstruction model,
which uses a combination of MODIS daily data, monthly data and
meteorological station data to reconstruct the LST in areas with cloud
coverage and for grid cells with elevated LST error, and the data
performance is then further improved by establishing a regression analysis
model. The validation indicates that the new LST dataset is highly
consistent with in situ observations. For the six natural subregions with
different climatic conditions in China, verification using ground
observation data shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) ranges from
1.24 to 1.58 ∘ C, the mean absolute error (MAE)
varies from 1.23 to 1.37 ∘ C and the Pearson
coefficient ( R2 ) ranges from 0.93 to 0.99. The new dataset adequately
captures the spatiotemporal variations in LST at annual, seasonal and
monthly scales. From 2003 to 2017, the overall annual mean LST in China showed
a weak increase. Moreover, the positive trend was remarkably unevenly
distributed across China. The most significant warming occurred in the
central and western areas of the Inner Mongolia Plateau in the Northwest
Region, and the average annual temperature change is greater than 0.1 K ( R>0.71 , P ), and a strong negative trend was
observed in some parts of the Northeast Region and South China Region.
Seasonally, there was significant warming in western China in winter, which
was most pronounced in December. The reconstructed dataset exhibits
significant improvements and can be used for the spatiotemporal evaluation
of LST in high-temperature and drought-monitoring studies. The data are
available through Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3528024 (Zhao et al., 2019).