Journal ArticleDOI
Generation and analysis of interleukin-4 deficient mice.
TLDR
Some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE are strongly reduced.Abstract:
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth and differentiation of many hematopoietic cells in vitro; in particular, it directs the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch to IgG1 and IgE. Mice homozygous for a mutation that inactivates the IL-4 gene were generated to test the requirement for IL-4 in vivo. In the mutant mice T and B cell development was normal, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were strongly reduced. The IgG1 dominance in a T cell-dependent immune response was lost, and IgE was not detectable upon nematode infection. Thus, some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo.read more
Citations
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Induction of antigen-specific IgE response in murine lymphocytes by IL-10
TL;DR: Interestingly, a significant level of anti-TNP IgE was induced when IL-10, another cytokine from type 2 helper T cells, was added to the culture, and the rate of enhancement was at least 3-fold higher in the IgE response than inThe IgM and IgG1 responses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Preservation of mucosal and systemic adjuvant properties of ISCOMS in the absence of functional interleukin‐4 or interferon‐γ
TL;DR: Investigation of whether interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) are required for the induction of local and systemic immune responses by oral and parenteral administration of ovalbumin in immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMS) shows responses were of a similar magnitude to those found in the wild‐type mice, indicating that the immunogenicity of ISCOMS is not influenced by the presence of IL‐4 or IFN
Journal ArticleDOI
Regulation of IgE synthesis: from the membrane to the genes
Donata Vercelli,Raif S. Geha +1 more
TL;DR: The data discussed above clearly indicate that the second signal(s) required for IgE production can be delivered to B cells through different pathways, and it seems plausible that the pathways mentioned above may share the ability to activate the switch recombination machinery in B cells in which the ɛ locus has been transcriptionally activated and made accessible by IL-4.
Deficient CCR7 signaling promotes T H 2 polarization and B-cell activation in vivo
Georgios Leandros Moschovakis,Anja Bubke,Oliver Dittrich-Breiholz,Asolina Braun,Immo Prinz,Elisabeth Kremmer +5 more
TL;DR: The results support the idea of a C CR7‐dependent patterning of TH2 responses, with absent CCR7 signaling favoring TH2 polarization, dislocation of T helper cells into the B‐cell follicles and, as a consequence, B‐ cell activation.
BookDOI
From Innate Immunity to Immunological Memory
Bali Pulendran,Rafi Ahmed +1 more
TL;DR: Mammalian Toll-like receptors make use of both receptor-type and intracellular proteins as detectors of invading pathogens and the intracytoplasmic detection system of microbes has been identified in mammals.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties.
Tim R. Mosmann,R L Coffman +1 more
TL;DR: Two types of cloned helper T cells are described, defined primarily by differences in the pattern of lymphokines ynthesized, and the different functions of the two types of cells and their lymphokine synthesis are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells.
Kirk R. Thomas,Mario R. Capecchi +1 more
TL;DR: This work mutated, by gene targeting, the endogenous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene in mouse embryo-derived stem (ES) cells and compared the gene-targeting efficiencies of two classes of neor-Hprt recombinant vectors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Altering the genome by homologous recombination.
TL;DR: The current status of gene targeting with particular emphasis on germ line modification of the mouse genome is discussed, and the different methods so far employed to identify those rare embryonic stem cells in which the desired targeting event has occurred are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells
Rachel Williams,D J Hilton,S Pease,Tracy A. Willson,Colin L. Stewart,David P. Gearing,Erwin F. Wagner,D. Metcalf,Nicos A. Nicola,Nicholas M. Gough +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a recombinant myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was used to replace DIA in the maintenance of totipotent ES cell lines that retain the potential to form chimaeric mice.
Journal ArticleDOI
Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to mouse lymphoid differentiation antigens.
TL;DR: This paper used hybridoma monoclonal antibodies obtained after immunization of mice with rat cells to study rat cell-surface antigens present on subpopulations of rat lymphocytes.
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