Journal ArticleDOI
Generation and analysis of interleukin-4 deficient mice.
TLDR
Some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE are strongly reduced.Abstract:
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth and differentiation of many hematopoietic cells in vitro; in particular, it directs the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch to IgG1 and IgE. Mice homozygous for a mutation that inactivates the IL-4 gene were generated to test the requirement for IL-4 in vivo. In the mutant mice T and B cell development was normal, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were strongly reduced. The IgG1 dominance in a T cell-dependent immune response was lost, and IgE was not detectable upon nematode infection. Thus, some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Determining germinal centre B cell fate
TL;DR: The roles of GC cytokines in the context of cell differentiation are examined and the cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 has been identified as a key factor that can modulate the processes within GCs and directly influence B cell fate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Essential Role of IL-4 and IL-4Rα Interaction in Adaptive Immunity of Zebrafish: Insight into the Origin of Th2-like Regulatory Mechanism in Ancient Vertebrates
TL;DR: This is the first report showing that a possible Th2-mediated regulatory mechanism may have appeared before the divergence of teleosts and mammals, and adds greater insight into the evolutionary history of adaptive immunity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spermatogenesis proceeds normally in mice without linker histone H1t.
TL;DR: The process of spermatogenesis and the testicular morphology remained unchanged in the absence of H1t, and RNase protection analysis demonstrated that H1.1, H2.2 and H3.4 histone gene expression is enhanced during sperMatogenesis in H1T-deficient mice.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interleukin-4 Deficiency Does Not Exacerbate Disease in NOD Mice
TL;DR: The IL-4-null mutation did not accelerate or intensify insulitis in regular NOD mice or in the BDC2.5 transgenic model; it also had no effect on the timing or frequency of the transition to overt diabetes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inhibition of in vitro spontaneous apoptosis by IL-7 correlates with bcl-2 up-regulation, cortical/mature immunophenotype, and better early cytoreduction of childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Leonid Karawajew,V. Ruppert,Christian Wuchter,Annett Kösser,Martin Schrappe,Bernd Dörken,Wolf-Dieter Ludwig +6 more
TL;DR: Multivariate analysis of the apoptosis-related parameters investigated, including spontaneous apoptosis, its inhibition by IL-7, and expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, showed that onlyIL-7 responsiveness has an independent impact on early cytoreduction, thus indicating a potential prognostic relevance of IL- 7 sensitivity in T-ALL.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties.
Tim R. Mosmann,R L Coffman +1 more
TL;DR: Two types of cloned helper T cells are described, defined primarily by differences in the pattern of lymphokines ynthesized, and the different functions of the two types of cells and their lymphokine synthesis are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells.
Kirk R. Thomas,Mario R. Capecchi +1 more
TL;DR: This work mutated, by gene targeting, the endogenous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene in mouse embryo-derived stem (ES) cells and compared the gene-targeting efficiencies of two classes of neor-Hprt recombinant vectors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Altering the genome by homologous recombination.
TL;DR: The current status of gene targeting with particular emphasis on germ line modification of the mouse genome is discussed, and the different methods so far employed to identify those rare embryonic stem cells in which the desired targeting event has occurred are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells
Rachel Williams,D J Hilton,S Pease,Tracy A. Willson,Colin L. Stewart,David P. Gearing,Erwin F. Wagner,D. Metcalf,Nicos A. Nicola,Nicholas M. Gough +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a recombinant myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was used to replace DIA in the maintenance of totipotent ES cell lines that retain the potential to form chimaeric mice.
Journal ArticleDOI
Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to mouse lymphoid differentiation antigens.
TL;DR: This paper used hybridoma monoclonal antibodies obtained after immunization of mice with rat cells to study rat cell-surface antigens present on subpopulations of rat lymphocytes.
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