Journal ArticleDOI
Generation and analysis of interleukin-4 deficient mice.
TLDR
Some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE are strongly reduced.Abstract:
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth and differentiation of many hematopoietic cells in vitro; in particular, it directs the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch to IgG1 and IgE. Mice homozygous for a mutation that inactivates the IL-4 gene were generated to test the requirement for IL-4 in vivo. In the mutant mice T and B cell development was normal, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were strongly reduced. The IgG1 dominance in a T cell-dependent immune response was lost, and IgE was not detectable upon nematode infection. Thus, some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo.read more
Citations
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Splenectomy and sepsis: the role of the spleen in the immune-mediated bacterial clearance.
TL;DR: The mechanisms responsible for gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis in the splenectomized host and possible therapeutical approaches able to neutralize bacterial products endowed with noxious effects are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on cytokine production in central and peripheral lymphoid organs.
TL;DR: The purpose of this article is to review the existing information regarding the VIP modulation of cytokine expression in immune cells and suggest that VIP and PACAP could play an important physiological role in the down-regulation of the immune response.
Journal Article
Survival of naive CD4 T cells: roles of restricting versus selecting MHC class II and cytokine milieu.
Tamar E. Boursalian,Kim Bottomly +1 more
TL;DR: It is found that the physiological levels of IL-4 and IL-7 serve to enhance the MHC class II-mediated survival of naive CD4 T cells in vivo.
Journal Article
Cutting Edge: Mouse IgG1 Antibodies Comprise Two Functionally Distinct Types That Are Differentially Regulated by IL-4 and IL-12
Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro,Robert L. Coffman,Ises de Almeida Abrahamsohn,Mahasti Sahihi de Macedo +3 more
TL;DR: The results indicate that one type of IgG1 has anaphylactic activity and its synthesis is IL-4-dependent, being inhibited by IL-12 or IFN-gamma; the other lacks this activity andIts synthesis is stimulated by IL -12 orIFN-Gamma.
Journal ArticleDOI
Triggering of T cell proliferation through CD28 induces GATA-3 and promotes T helper type 2 differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
TL;DR: It is shown for the first time that the activation of the “Th2 promoting” transcription factor GATA‐3 requires co‐stimulation by CD28 and is also induced by mitogenic anti‐CD28 alone, and it is suggested that CD28‐dependent induction of Gata‐3 in concert with other transcription factors, which are preferentially induced by strongCD28‐signals, primes CD4 T cells for IL‐4‐dependent Th2 differentiaton
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties.
Tim R. Mosmann,R L Coffman +1 more
TL;DR: Two types of cloned helper T cells are described, defined primarily by differences in the pattern of lymphokines ynthesized, and the different functions of the two types of cells and their lymphokine synthesis are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells.
Kirk R. Thomas,Mario R. Capecchi +1 more
TL;DR: This work mutated, by gene targeting, the endogenous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene in mouse embryo-derived stem (ES) cells and compared the gene-targeting efficiencies of two classes of neor-Hprt recombinant vectors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Altering the genome by homologous recombination.
TL;DR: The current status of gene targeting with particular emphasis on germ line modification of the mouse genome is discussed, and the different methods so far employed to identify those rare embryonic stem cells in which the desired targeting event has occurred are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells
Rachel Williams,D J Hilton,S Pease,Tracy A. Willson,Colin L. Stewart,David P. Gearing,Erwin F. Wagner,D. Metcalf,Nicos A. Nicola,Nicholas M. Gough +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a recombinant myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was used to replace DIA in the maintenance of totipotent ES cell lines that retain the potential to form chimaeric mice.
Journal ArticleDOI
Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to mouse lymphoid differentiation antigens.
TL;DR: This paper used hybridoma monoclonal antibodies obtained after immunization of mice with rat cells to study rat cell-surface antigens present on subpopulations of rat lymphocytes.
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