Journal ArticleDOI
Radiation hard silicon detectors—developments by the RD48 (ROSE) collaboration
G. Lindström,M. Ahmed,Sebastiano Albergo,Phillip Allport,D.F. Anderson,Ladislav Andricek,M. Angarano,Vincenzo Augelli,N. Bacchetta,P. Bartalini,Richard Bates,U. Biggeri,G. M. Bilei,Dario Bisello,D. Boemi,E. Borchi,T. Botila,T. J. Brodbeck,Mara Bruzzi,T. Budzyński,P. Burger,Francesca Campabadal,Gianluigi Casse,E. Catacchini,A. Chilingarov,Paolo Ciampolini,Vladimir Cindro,M. J. Costa,Donato Creanza,Paul Clauws,C. Da Via,Gavin Davies,W. De Boer,Roberto Dell'Orso,M. De Palma,B. Dezillie,V. K. Eremin,O. Evrard,Giorgio Fallica,Georgios Fanourakis,H. Feick,Ettore Focardi,Luis Fonseca,E. Fretwurst,J. Fuster,K. Gabathuler,Maurice Glaser,Piotr Grabiec,E. Grigoriev,Geoffrey Hall,M. Hanlon,F. Hauler,S. Heising,A. Holmes-Siedle,Roland Horisberger,G. Hughes,Mika Huhtinen,I. Ilyashenko,Andrew Ivanov,B.K. Jones,L. Jungermann,A. Kaminsky,Z. Kohout,Gregor Kramberger,M Kuhnke,Simon Kwan,F. Lemeilleur,Claude Leroy,M. Letheren,Z. Li,Teresa Ligonzo,Vladimír Linhart,P.G. Litovchenko,Demetrios Loukas,Manuel Lozano,Z. Luczynski,Gerhard Lutz,B. C. MacEvoy,S. Manolopoulos,A. Markou,C Martinez,Alberto Messineo,M. Mikuž,Michael Moll,E. Nossarzewska,G. Ottaviani,Val O'Shea,G. Parrini,Daniele Passeri,D. Petre,A. Pickford,Ioana Pintilie,Lucian Pintilie,Stanislav Pospisil,Renato Potenza,C. Raine,Joan Marc Rafi,P. N. Ratoff,Robert Richter,Petra Riedler,Shaun Roe,P. Roy,Arie Ruzin,A.I. Ryazanov,A. Santocchia,Luigi Schiavulli,P. Sicho,I. Siotis,T. J. Sloan,W. Slysz,Kristine M. Smith,M. Solanky,B. Sopko,K. Stolze,B. Sundby Avset,B. G. Svensson,C. Tivarus,Guido Tonelli,Alessia Tricomi,Spyros Tzamarias,Giusy Valvo,A. Vasilescu,A. Vayaki,E. M. Verbitskaya,Piero Giorgio Verdini,Vaclav Vrba,Stephen Watts,Eicke R. Weber,M. Wegrzecki,I. Węgrzecka,P. Weilhammer,R. Wheadon,C.D. Wilburn,I. Wilhelm,R. Wunstorf,J. Wüstenfeld,J. Wyss,K. Zankel,P. Zabierowski,D. Žontar +139 more
TLDR
In this paper, a defect engineering technique was employed resulting in the development of Oxygen enriched FZ silicon (DOFZ), ensuring the necessary O-enrichment of about 2×1017 O/cm3 in the normal detector processing.Abstract:
The RD48 (ROSE) collaboration has succeeded to develop radiation hard silicon detectors, capable to withstand the harsh hadron fluences in the tracking areas of LHC experiments. In order to reach this objective, a defect engineering technique was employed resulting in the development of Oxygen enriched FZ silicon (DOFZ), ensuring the necessary O-enrichment of about 2×1017 O/cm3 in the normal detector processing. Systematic investigations have been carried out on various standard and oxygenated silicon diodes with neutron, proton and pion irradiation up to a fluence of 5×1014 cm−2 (1 MeV neutron equivalent). Major focus is on the changes of the effective doping concentration (depletion voltage). Other aspects (reverse current, charge collection) are covered too and the appreciable benefits obtained with DOFZ silicon in radiation tolerance for charged hadrons are outlined. The results are reliably described by the “Hamburg model”: its application to LHC experimental conditions is shown, demonstrating the superiority of the defect engineered silicon. Microscopic aspects of damage effects are also discussed, including differences due to charged and neutral hadron irradiation.read more
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The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
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TL;DR: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN as mentioned in this paper was designed to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 10(34)cm(-2)s(-1)
Journal ArticleDOI
ATLAS pixel detector electronics and sensors
Georges Aad,M. Ackers,F. Alberti,M. Aleppo,Gianluca Alimonti,Jorge Alonso,E C Anderssen,A. Andreani,A. Andreazza,J-F. Arguin,K. E. Arms,Dario Barberis,Marco Barbero,M. Bazalova,R. Beccherle,K. H. Becks,Prafulla Kumar Behera,F. Bellina,J. Beringer,K. Bernardet,J. Biesiada,L. Blanquart,J. Boek,G. Boyd,P. Breugnon,Peter Buchholz,B. Butler,Massimo Caccia,A C Capsoni,C. Caso,D. Cauz,M Cepeda,R Cereseto,M. Cervetto,M. L. Chu,M. Citterio,J. C. Clemens,Yann Coadou,Marina Cobal,A. Coccaro,Simone Coelli,S. Correard,Markus Cristinziani,S. Cuneo,S. D'Auria,M. Dameri,Giovanni Darbo,S Dardin,B. De Lotto,U. De Sanctis,J. B. De Vivie De Regie,C. Del Papa,P. Delpierre,B. Di Girolamo,W. Dietsche,Fares Djama,Daniel Dobos,Mauro Donegà,Jens Dopke,Kevin Einsweiler,A. Eyring,D. Fasching,Lorenzo Feligioni,D.P.S. Ferguson,W. Fernando,Peter Fischer,M. J. Fisher,Tobias Flick,Guido Gagliardi,E. Galyaev,K. K. Gan,M Garcia-Sciveres,Nicoletta Garelli,G G Gariano,G. Gaycken,Claudia Gemme,P. Gerlach,M. G. D. Gilchriese,MarioPaolo Giordani,Danilo Giugni,K. W. Glitza,Claus Gössling,Tobias Golling,F Goozen,I. V. Gorelov,G. Gorfine,C. Grah,Heather Gray,I. M. Gregor,Joern Grosse-Knetter,K. Grybel,Phillip Gutierrez,Gregory David Hallewell,N. Hartman,Miroslav Havranek,Beate Heinemann,T. Henß,Martin Hoeferkamp,Dirk L. Hoffmann,M. Holder,W. Honerbach,C. Horn,S. R. Hou,G. S. Huang,Fabian Huegging,Elliot Hughes,Iskander Ibragimov,I Ilyashenko,M. Imhaeuser,J. M. Izen,J. Jackson,Dilip Jana,R. C. Jared,P. Jez,T.A. Johnson,J. Joseph,Harris Kagan,M. Karagounis,R. D. Kass,M Keil,Susanne Kersten,P. Kind,J. Klaiber-Lodewigs,Lasse Klingbeil,Reiner Klingenberg,Andreas Korn,Vadim Kostyukhin,I Kostyukhina,O. Krasel,Hans Krüger,K Krueger,J. Kudlaty,T Kuhl,O. Kvasnicka,Kerstin Lantzsch,T. Lari,S. Latorre,Shih-Chang Lee,Teresa Lenz,G. Lenzen,J. Lepidis,Jessica Levêque,M. Leyton,D. Lopez Mateos,K. F. Loureiro,D Lüke,L. Luisa,J. Lys,R. J. Madaras,P. Mättig,F M Manca,E. Mandelli,Michal Marcisovsky,Zach Marshall,German Martinez,Lucia Masetti,Martin Maß,M. Mathes,R McKay,G. Meddeler,R. Meera-Lebbai,Chiara Meroni,Jessica Metcalfe,W. T. Meyer,David Miller,Warner A. Miller,S. Montesano,Martin M. Monti,P. Morettini,Josh Moss,T Mouthuy,Polina Nechaeva,W. Ockenfels,G. A. Odino,M. Olcese,Bianca Osculati,Fabrizio Parodi,A Pekedis,K. Perez,Ivan Peric,C Pizzorno,J Popule,R Post,Francesco Ragusa,A. M. Rahimi,B. Raith,S. Rajek,Kendall Reeves,I. Reisinger,J. Richardson,E. I. Rosenberg,Leonardo Paolo Rossi,I. Rottländer,A. Rovani,Alexandre Rozanov,O. Runolfsson,E. Ruscino,A F Saavedra,F. Sabatini,M. Saleem,S. Sandvoss,B. Sanny,L. Santi,M I Scherzer,Carlo Schiavi,A. Schreiner,J. Schultes,Ariel Schwartzman,R Seibert,Sally Seidel,Horst Severini,S Shanava,Petr Sicho,P. Skubic,A C Smith,D.S. Smith,J. Snow,T. Stahl,T. Stockmanns,Sara Strandberg,Michael A. Strauss,Duc Ta,F. Tegenfeldt,P. K. Teng,R. Ter-Antonyan,J. Thadome,T. Tic,L. Tomášek,M Tomasek,F Tomasi,Konstantin Toms,C Tran,J. Treis,N. Triplett,Clara Troncon,Laurent Vacavant,S. Vahsen,Jan Valenta,G. Vegni,F. Vernocchi,E. Vigeolas,J. Virzi,E Viscione,Vaclav Vrba,J. Walbersloh,Wolfgang Walkowiak,J. Weber,T F Weber,Jens Weingarten,C Weldon,N. Wermes,Ulrich Werthenbach,J S Wirth,R. Witharm,B.H. Witt,M. Wittgen,J. Wuestenfeld,R. Wunstorf,J Wyckoff,W-M. Yao,C. Young,Remi Zaidan,M. Zdrazil,F. Zetti,J. Zhong,M. Ziolkowski,G. Zizka,M. M. Zoeller +267 more
TL;DR: In this article, the silicon pixel tracking system for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is described and the performance requirements are summarized and detailed descriptions of the pixel detector electronics and the silicon sensors are given.
Journal ArticleDOI
Review of displacement damage effects in silicon devices
TL;DR: A historical review of the literature on the effects of radiation-induced displacement damage in semiconductor materials and devices to provide a guide to displacement damage literature and to offer critical comments regarding that literature in an attempt to identify key findings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Radiation damage in silicon detectors
TL;DR: In this article, the radiation damage effects in silicon detectors under severe hadron and gamma-irradiation are surveyed, focusing on bulk effects, both macroscopic detector properties (reverse current, depletion voltage and charge collection) as also the underlying microscopic defect generation are covered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Design and performance of the ABCD3TA ASIC for readout of silicon strip detectors in the ATLAS semiconductor tracker
Francesca Campabadal,Celeste Fleta,M.J. Key,Manuel Lozano,C. Martinez,Giulio Pellegrini,Joan Marc Rafi,Miguel Ullan,L. G. Johansen,B Mohn,O Oye,A O Solberg,B. Stugu,Alessandra Ciocio,Robert P. Ely,Fadeyev,Murdock Gilchriese,C. Haber,J. Siegrist,H. Spieler,C. Vu,P. J. Bell,Dave Charlton,J. D. Dowell,B.J. Gallop,R. J. Homer,P. Jovanovic,G. Mahout,T. J. McMahon,J. A. Wilson,Alan Barr,J. R. Carter,M.J. Goodrick,John Hill,Christopher Lester,Michael Andrew Parker,D. Robinson,Francis Anghinolfi,E. Chesi,Pierre Jarron,J. Kaplon,A. Macpherson,Heinz Pernegger,T. Pritchard,S. Roe,A. Rudge,P. Weilhammer,W. Bialas,Wladyslaw Dabrowski,M. Dwuznik,B. Toczek,Stefan Koperny,P. Bruckman,S. Gadomski,E. Gornicki,Pa. Malecki,A. Moszczynski,Ewa Stanecka,Robert Szczygiel,M. Turala,W Wolter,Ladislav Andricek,Siegfried Bethke,D. Hauff,J. Kudlaty,G. Lutz,H. G. Moser,Richard Nisius,Robert Richter,J. Schieck,A. P. Colijn,T. Cornelissen,G. Gorfine,Fred Hartjes,Nigel Hessey,P. de Jong,R Kluit,Els Koffeman,A. J.M. Muijs,S. J. M. Peeters,B. Van Eijk,Itsuo Nakano,Reisaburo Tanaka,O. Dorholt,K.M. Danielsen,T. Huse,H. Sandaker,Steinar Stapnes,N. Kundu,Richard Nickerson,A. R. Weidberg,J. Bohm,Marcela Mikestikova,J. Stastny,Z. Broklova,J. Broz,Zdenek Dolezal,Peter Kodys,P. Kubik,Pavel Reznicek,Vorobel,I. Wilhelm,P. Čermák,D. Chren,T Horazdovsky,Linhart,Stanislav Pospisil,M. Sinor,Michael Solar,B. Sopko,I. Stekl,R. J. Apsimon,L E Batchelor,J.P. Bizzell,N Falconer,M.J. French,M.D. Gibson,Stephen Haywood,R.M. Matson,Steve McMahon,M Morrissey,W. J. Murray,P.W. Phillips,M. Tyndel,E. G. Villani,D. P. Cosgrove,D.E. Dorfan,A.A. Grillo,S. Kachiguine,F. Rosenbaum,Hartmut Sadrozinski,Abraham Seiden,E. Spencer,Max Wilder,T. Akimoto,Kazuhiko Hara,K. Tanizaki,N. Bingefors,Richard Brenner,Tord Ekelof,Lars Eklund,J. Bernabeu,J.V. Civera,Marco Costa,J. Fuster,Carmen García,J. E. GarcíaNavarro,S. Gonzalez-Sevilla,Carlos Lacasta,Gabriela Llosa,S. Marti-Garcia,P. Modesto,Filomeno Sanchez,L. Sospedra,Marcel Vos +154 more
TL;DR: The ABCD3TA as mentioned in this paper is a 128-channel ASIC with binary architecture for the readout of silicon strip particle detectors in the Semiconductor Tracker of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
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Divacancy acceptor levels in ion-irradiated silicon.
TL;DR: Evidence for a model of the two levels is presented and, in particular, the model invokes excited states caused by motional averaging and lattice strain associated with damaged regions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of transient current and charge techniques for the measurement of effective net concentration of ionized charges (Neff) in the space charge region of p-n junction detectors☆
TL;DR: Transient current and charge techniques (TCT/TChT) have been developed as alternatives to the standard C-V measurements for measurements of the effective net concentration of ionized charges (Neff) in the space charge region (SCR) of Si p-n junction detectors, especially for heavily irradiated detectors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Determination of effective trapping times for electrons and holes in irradiated silicon
TL;DR: In this article, a set of standard and oxygenated silicon diodes with different resistivities (1 and 15 kΩ cm ) was irradiated with neutrons to fluences up to 2×10 14 cm −2, 1 MeV neutron NIEL equivalent.
Journal ArticleDOI
A new model for generation-recombination in silicon depletion regions after neutron irradiation
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used deep level transient spectroscopy to investigate defects in high resistivity silicon diodes after neutron irradiation and found that the leakage current in the dioded is a factor of 50 to 600 greater than expected from standard Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) theory for the observed defect concentration.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparison of radiation damage in silicon induced by proton and neutron irradiation
TL;DR: In this paper, the subject of radiation damage to Si detectors induced by 24-GeV/c protons and nuclear reactor neutrons has been studied and the results of the study suggest that the widely used nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) factors are insufficient for normalization of the electrically active damage in case of oxygen and carbon-enriched silicon detectors.