Bowling Green State University

About: Bowling Green State University is a education organization based out in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 8315 authors who have published 16042 publications receiving 482564 citations. The organization is also known as: BGSU.

The neurochemical control of crying

Abstract: The capacity of 18 drugs, including those which modify brain opioid, serotonin, norephinephrine, dopamine and acetylcholine activity, to modulate separation-induced distress vocalizations (DV) in young chicks were studied. Intraperitoneal morphine (1.7–5 mg/kg) injections were very effective in reducing DV's and naloxone (1.7–5.0 mg/kg) was found to increase DV's. Smaller bidirectional effects were also observed after pharmacological manipulation of cholinergic and serotonergic systems. Blockade of these systems with atropine (5–15 mg/kg) and methysergide (0.56 mg/kg) increased DV's while a facilitation of activity in these systems with pilocarpine (15 mg/kg) and quipazine (15 mg/kg) reduced DV's. Small reductions of DV's could also be achieved with neuroleptics such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, and with apomorphine, suggesting that reduction of brain dopamine activity reduces DV's, while clonidine (0.56–1.7 mg/kg) was very powerful in reducing DV's, perhaps through autoreceptor reduction of brain NE activity. Chlordiazepoxide (5–15 mg/kg) was capable of reducing DV's, while imipramine (15–45 mg/kg), and pentobarbital (5–15 mg/kg) were essentially without effect. Opiate effects could be obtained as readily following intraventricular as following peripheral drug administration, while cholinergic and serotonergic agents were most effective by the peripheral route. In general, it was concluded that the opiate system had the most powerful specific effect on distress vocalization of all systems studied.

Sacrilege: A Study of Sacred Loss and Desecration and Their Implications for Health and Well‐Being in a Community Sample

Abstract: In this study, we proposed that people understand major life events in terms of spiritual as well as psychological, social, and physical dimensions. Specifically, we examined the possibility that life events that are perceived to be sacred losses or violations of the sacred (i.e., desecrations) have significant implications for the health and well-being of the individual. A total of 117 adults, randomly selected from a community, identified the most negative life event they had experienced in the past two years. They then completed measures of the degree to which they appraised this event as a sacred loss and as a desecration, as well as measures of religious coping, the impact of the event, and four sets of criteria: traumatic impact, physical health, emotional distress, and growth. These hypotheses were largely supported. Sacred loss and desecration were unrelated to physical health. However, they were tied to higher levels, though somewhat differential patterns, of emotional distress. While sacred loss was predictive of intrusive thoughts and depression, desecration was tied to more intrusive thoughts and greater anger. Furthermore, sacred loss was linked to greater posttraumatic growth and positive spiritual change; in contrast, desecration was associated with less posttraumatic growth. The links between the spiritual appraisals and outcomes were partially mediated by positive and negative methods of religious coping. These findings underscore the importance and multidimensionality of the spiritual meanings people attribute to major life stressors. I could not comprehend the level of on-going purposeful deceit on the part of my significant other. [It was] unimaginable that an “upstanding, prominent, religious, moral, preaching” person could be so utterly deceitful in so many ways for such an extended period of time. (48-year-old woman after discovering that her partner had been maintaining three-year affair with a mutual friend)

Determinants of Tender Offer Premiums

Abstract: The bid premium acquiring companies offer for target company shares may be expected to be a positive function of potential acquisition-related benefits and a negatie function of the bargaining power of the bidder. A bid premium model using debt, working capital, type of combination, valuation-related variables and bargaining-strength variables has relatively high explanatory power for a wide moss-section of firms and a predictive power superior to that of naive bidding strategies. Firms with declining amounts of leverage and firms with relatively low valuation ratios command significantly higher bid premiums. The percentage of shares already controlled by the offering company, its ability to acquire enough shares to be able to implement potentially beneficial changes, and the existence of an opposing bid at the time an offer is made are also significant determinants of bid premiums. When two or more bidders compete for the same target, the bid premium averages 30 percentage points higher than the sample mean. Premiums in offers where the bidder seeks majority control are 9 percentage points higher than when the bidder does not seek majority control, and premiums on nonconglomerate offers tend to be 7 percentage points higher than premiums on conglomerate offers.

How Hungry is the Selfish Gene

Abstract: We examine resource allocation in step-households, in the United States and South Africa, to test whether child investments vary according to economic and genetic bonds between parent and child. We used 18 years of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and compare food expenditure by family type, holding constant household size, age composition and income. We find that in those households in which a child is raised by an adoptive, step or foster mother, less is spent on food. We cannot reject the hypothesis that the effect of replacing a biological child with a non- biological child is the same, whether the non-biological child is an adoptive, step or foster child of the mother. In South Africa, where we can disaggregate food consumption more finely, we find that when a child's biological mother is the head or spouse of the head of household, the household spends significantly more on food, in particular on milk and fruit and vegetables, and significantly less on tobacco and alcohol. The genetic tie to the child, and not any anticipated future economic tie, appears to be the tie that binds.

Interspecific pollen transfer as a mechanism of competition: Consequences of foreign pollen contamination for seed set in the alpine wildflower, Polemonium viscosum

Abstract: Earlier studies showed that under natural conditions foreign pollen receipt is correlated with loss of seed set in populations of P. viscosum. Here, we report on experimental pollinations using foreign pollen from two co-flowering species that share pollinators with P. viscosum. Experiments were designed to ascertain whether improper pollen transfer causes reduced seed set under controlled conditions and, if so, to determine the stage at which interference occurs. In flowers pre-treated by pollination with either Mertensia or Castilleja pollen, adherence of subsequently deposited conspecific pollen grains was unaffected. However, conspecific grains had significantly lower germination and ovule fertilization success in flowers receiving foreign pollen than in controls. These results suggest that pollinator infidelity in high alpine plant communities can reduce female reproductive success of P. viscosum by inhibiting the performance of conspecific pollen grains. Negative effects of Mertensia and Castilleja pollen were comparable despite large interspecific differences in pollen grain morphology. Accordingly, susceptibility to foreign pollen interference appears to be an intrinsic property of P. viscosum that is not dependent on the unique structural properties of pollen produced by competitive species.