Gadjah Mada University

About: Gadjah Mada University is a education organization based out in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Adsorption. The organization has 17307 authors who have published 21389 publications receiving 116561 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Gajah Mada & Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Impact of food on the pharmacokinetics of first-line anti-TB drugs in treatment-naive TB patients: a randomized cross-over trial

Abstract: Concomitant food intake influences pharmacokinetics of first-line anti-TB drugs in healthy volunteers. However, in treatment-naive TB patients who are starting with drug treatment, data on the influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics are absent. This study aimed to quantify the influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in TB patients starting anti-TB treatment. A prospective randomized cross-over pharmacokinetic study was conducted in treatment-naive adults with drug-susceptible TB. They received isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol intravenously and oral pyrazinamide on day 1, followed by oral administration of these drugs under fasted and fed conditions on two consecutive days. Primary outcome was the bioavailability while fasting and with concomitant food intake. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02121314. Twenty subjects completed the study protocol. Absolute bioavailability in the fasted state and the fed state was 93% and 78% for isoniazid, 87% and 71% for rifampicin and 87% and 82% for ethambutol. Food decreased absolute bioavailability of isoniazid and rifampicin by 15% and 16%, respectively. Pyrazinamide AUC(0-24) was comparable for the fasted state (481 mg center dot h/L) and the fed state (468 mg center dot h/L). Food lowered the maximum concentrations of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide by 42%, 22% and 10%, respectively. Time to maximum concentration was delayed for isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. The pharmacokinetics of ethambutol were unaffected by food. Food decreased absolute bioavailability and maximum concentration of isoniazid and rifampicin, but not of ethambutol or pyrazinamide, in treatment-naive TB patients. In patients prone to low drug exposure, this may further compromise treatment efficacy and increase the risk of acquired drug resistance.

The Effect of ENSO on the Variability of Chlorophyll-a and Sea Surface Temperature in the Maluku Sea

Abstract: The Maluku Sea features strong Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) bloom and sea surface temperature (SST) cooling during the Southeast Monsoon season. Using high-resolution Chl-a and SST satellite observations over a long time window, this study aims to investigate the effect of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the seasonal variability of Chl-a and SST in the Maluku Sea. During the El Nino and La Nina, the maximum Chl-a concentration (greater than 0.5 mg/m3) and minimum SST (less than 27.5 °C) are observed in August. This finding is in line with prior investigation. Moreover, we reveal that the ENSO does not alter the seasonal variability of Chl-a and SST in the region, but the magnitudes of summertime Chl-a bloom and SST cooling are enhanced (reduced) by about 0.1 mg/m3 and 0.5 °C during the El Nino (La Nina). This is caused by an increase (decrease) in the sea level pressure gradients, which possibly enhanced (reduced) wind-driven mixing in the Maluku Sea.