Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease.
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TLDR
Understanding the interaction of the microbiota with pathogens and the immune system will provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory disease.Abstract:
The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. In addition to metabolic benefits, symbiotic bacteria provide the host with several functions that promote immune homeostasis, immune responses, and protection against pathogen colonization. The ability of symbiotic bacteria to inhibit pathogen colonization is mediated via several mechanisms including direct killing, competition for limited nutrients, and enhancement of immune responses. Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their replication in the presence of the gut microbiota. Perturbation of the gut microbiota structure by environmental and genetic factors increases the risk of pathogen infection, promotes the overgrowth of harmful pathobionts, and the development of inflammatory disease. Understanding the interaction of the microbiota with pathogens and the immune system will provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory disease.read more
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Diversity of macaque microbiota compared to the human counterparts.
Zigui Chen,Yun Kit Yeoh,Mamie Hui,Po Yee Wong,Martin C.W. Chan,Margaret Ip,Jun Yu,Robert D. Burk,Francis K.L. Chan,Paul K.S. Chan +9 more
TL;DR: The findings delineate the range of structure and diversity of microbial communities in a wild macaque population, and enable the application of macaque as an animal model for future characterization of microbes in transmission, genomics and function.
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Influence of the Intestinal Microbiota on Colonization Resistance to Salmonella and the Shedding Pattern of Naturally Exposed Pigs.
Héctor Argüello,Héctor Argüello,Jordi Estellé,Finola C. Leonard,Fiona Crispie,Paul D. Cotter,Orla O'Sullivan,Helen Lynch,Helen Lynch,Kavita Walia,Kavita Walia,Geraldine Duffy,Peadar G. Lawlor,Gillian E. Gardiner +13 more
TL;DR: Results suggest that a lack of microbiome maturation and greater proportions of microorganisms associated with suckling increase susceptibility to infection and there may be merit in manipulating certain taxa within the porcine intestinal microbial community to increase disease resistance against Salmonella in pigs.
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Oxidative Stress and Gut-Derived Lipopolysaccharides in Neurodegenerative Disease: Role of NOX2
Lorenzo Loffredo,Evaristo Ettorre,Anna Maria Zicari,Maurizio Inghilleri,Cristina Nocella,Ludovica Perri,Alberto Spalice,Chiara Fossati,Maria Caterina De Lucia,Fabio Pigozzi,Mauro Cacciafesta,Francesco Violi,Roberto Carnevale +12 more
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Targeted Delivery of Probiotics: Perspectives on Research and Commercialization.
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TL;DR: This study has demonstrated that careful use of a shared control group represents a safe and effective approach to GWA analyses of multiple disease phenotypes; generated a genome-wide genotype database for future studies of common diseases in the British population; and shown that, provided individuals with non-European ancestry are excluded, the extent of population stratification in theBritish population is generally modest.
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: It is suggested that the NOD2 gene product confers susceptibility to Crohn's disease by altering the recognition of these components and/or by over-activating NF-kB in monocytes, thus documenting a molecular model for the pathogenic mechanism of Crohn’s disease that can now be further investigated.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Gary D. Wu,Jun Chen,Christian Hoffmann,Christian Hoffmann,Kyle Bittinger,Ying-Yu Chen,Sue A. Keilbaugh,Meenakshi Bewtra,Dan Knights,William A. Walters,Rob Knight,Rohini Sinha,Erin Gilroy,Kernika Gupta,Robert N. Baldassano,Lisa Nessel,Hongzhe Li,Frederic D. Bushman,James D. Lewis +18 more
TL;DR: Alternative enterotype states are associated with long-term diet, particularly protein and animal fat (Bacteroides) versus carbohydrates (Prevotella) and other enterotypes distinguished primarily by levels of Bacteroide and Prevotella.
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Yasunori Ogura,Denise K. Bonen,Naohiro Inohara,Dan L. Nicolae,Felicia F. Chen,Richard Ramos,Heidi M. Britton,Thomas M. Moran,Reda Karaliuskas,Richard H. Duerr,Jean-Paul Achkar,Steven R. Brant,Theodore M. Bayless,Barbara S. Kirschner,Stephen B. Hanauer,Gabriel Núñez,Judy H. Cho +16 more
TL;DR: It is shown that a frameshift mutation caused by a cytosine insertion, 3020insC, which is expected to encode a truncated NOD2 protein, is associated with Crohn's disease, and a link between an innate immune response to bacterial components and development of disease is suggested.
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