The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium.
Corina Benjet,Evelyn J. Bromet,Elie G. Karam,Ronald C. Kessler,Katie A. McLaughlin,Ayelet Meron Ruscio,Victoria Shahly,Dan J. Stein,M. Petukhova,Eric Hill,Jordi Alonso,Lukoye Atwoli,Brendan Bunting,Ronny Bruffaerts,José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida,G. de Girolamo,Silvia Florescu,Oye Gureje,Yueqin Huang,Jean Pierre Lepine,Norito Kawakami,Viviane Kovess-Masfety,María Elena Medina-Mora,F. Navarro-Mateu,Marina Piazza,Jose Posada-Villa,Kate M. Scott,Arieh Y. Shalev,Tim Slade,M. ten Have,Yolanda Torres,Maria Carmen Viana,Zahari Zarkov,Karestan C. Koenen +33 more
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Exposure to interpersonal violence had the strongest associations with subsequent traumatic events, and limited resources may best be dedicated to those that are more likely to be further exposed such as victims of interpersonal violence.Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Considerable research has documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on physical and mental health. Much less research has examined the predictors of traumatic event exposure. Increased understanding of risk factors for exposure to traumatic events could be of considerable value in targeting preventive interventions and anticipating service needs. METHOD: General population surveys in 24 countries with a combined sample of 68 894 adult respondents across six continents assessed exposure to 29 traumatic event types. Differences in prevalence were examined with cross-tabulations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether traumatic event types clustered into interpretable factors. Survival analysis was carried out to examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics and prior traumatic events with subsequent exposure. RESULTS: Over 70% of respondents reported a traumatic event; 30.5% were exposed to four or more. Five types - witnessing death or serious injury, the unexpected death of a loved one, being mugged, being in a life-threatening automobile accident, and experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury - accounted for over half of all exposures. Exposure varied by country, sociodemographics and history of prior traumatic events. Being married was the most consistent protective factor. Exposure to interpersonal violence had the strongest associations with subsequent traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS: Given the near ubiquity of exposure, limited resources may best be dedicated to those that are more likely to be further exposed such as victims of interpersonal violence. Identifying mechanisms that account for the associations of prior interpersonal violence with subsequent trauma is critical to develop interventions to prevent revictimization. Language: enread more
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Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Ronald C. Kessler,Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola,Jordi Alonso,Corina Benjet,Evelyn J. Bromet,Graça Cardoso,Louisa Degenhardt,Giovanni de Girolamo,Rumyana V. Dinolova,Finola Ferry,Silvia Florescu,Oye Gureje,Josep Maria Haro,Yueqin Huang,Elie G. Karam,Elie G. Karam,Norito Kawakami,Sing Lee,Jean Pierre Lepine,Daphna Levinson,Fernando Navarro-Mateu,B. E. Pennell,Marina Piazza,Jose Posada-Villa,Kate M. Scott,Dan J. Stein,Margreet ten Have,Yolanda Torres,Maria Carmen Viana,Maria Petukhova,Nancy A. Sampson,Alan M. Zaslavsky,Karestan C. Koenen +32 more
TL;DR: Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys.
Karestan C. Koenen,Andrew Ratanatharathorn,Lauren C. Ng,Katie A. McLaughlin,Evelyn J. Bromet,Dan J. Stein,Elie G. Karam,A. Meron Ruscio,Corina Benjet,Kate M. Scott,Lukoye Atwoli,M. Petukhova,Carmen C.W. Lim,Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola,Ali Al-Hamzawi,Jordi Alonso,Brendan Bunting,Marius Ciutan,G. de Girolamo,Louisa Degenhardt,Oye Gureje,Josep Maria Haro,Y. Huang,Norito Kawakami,Sing Lee,F. Navarro-Mateu,B. E. Pennell,Marina Piazza,Nancy A. Sampson,M. ten Have,Yolanda Torres,Maria Carmen Viana,David R. Williams,Miguel Xavier,Ronald C. Kessler +34 more
TL;DR: PTSD is prevalent cross-nationally, with half of all global cases being persistent and only half of those with severe PTSD report receiving any treatment and only a minority receive specialty mental health care.
Journal ArticleDOI
Largest GWAS of PTSD (N=20 070) yields genetic overlap with schizophrenia and sex differences in heritability
Laramie E. Duncan,Andrew Ratanatharathorn,Allison E. Aiello,Lynn M. Almli,Amstadter Ab,Allison E. Ashley-Koch,Dewleen G. Baker,Jean C. Beckham,Laura J. Bierut,Jonathan Ian Bisson,Bekh Bradley,Chia-Yen Chen,Shareefa Dalvie,Lindsay A. Farrer,Sandro Galea,Melanie E. Garrett,Joel Gelernter,Guia Guffanti,Michael A. Hauser,Eric O. Johnson,Ronald C. Kessler,Nathan A. Kimbrel,Nathan A. Kimbrel,Anthony P. King,Nastassja Koen,Nastassja Koen,Henry R. Kranzler,Mark W. Logue,Adam X. Maihofer,Alicia R. Martin,Mark W. Miller,Mark W. Miller,Rajendra A. Morey,Nicole R. Nugent,John P. Rice,Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Andrea L. Roberts,Nancy L. Saccone,Jordan W. Smoller,Jordan W. Smoller,Dan J. Stein,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Jennifer A. Sumner,Monica Uddin,Robert J. Ursano,Derek E. Wildman,Rachel Yehuda,Hongyu Zhao,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Israel Liberzon,Kerry J. Ressler,Kerry J. Ressler,Caroline M. Nievergelt,Caroline M. Nievergelt,Karestan C. Koenen,Karestan C. Koenen +60 more
TL;DR: The results demonstrate genetic influences on the development of PTSD, identify shared genetic risk between PTSD and other psychiatric disorders and highlight the importance of multiethnic/racial samples.
Journal ArticleDOI
International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci
Caroline M. Nievergelt,Caroline M. Nievergelt,Adam X. Maihofer,Adam X. Maihofer,Torsten Klengel,Torsten Klengel,Elizabeth G. Atkinson,Elizabeth G. Atkinson,Chia-Yen Chen,Chia-Yen Chen,Karmel W. Choi,Karmel W. Choi,Jonathan R. I. Coleman,Shareefa Dalvie,Laramie E. Duncan,Joel Gelernter,Joel Gelernter,Daniel F. Levey,Daniel F. Levey,Mark W. Logue,Renato Polimanti,Renato Polimanti,Allison C. Provost,Andrew Ratanatharathorn,Murray B. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Katy Torres,Katy Torres,Allison E. Aiello,Lynn M. Almli,Ananda B. Amstadter,Søren Bo Andersen,Ole A. Andreassen,Paul A. Arbisi,Allison E. Ashley-Koch,S. Bryn Austin,Esmina Avdibegović,Dragan Babić,Marie Bækvad-Hansen,Marie Bækvad-Hansen,Dewleen G. Baker,Dewleen G. Baker,Jean C. Beckham,Laura J. Bierut,Jonathan Ian Bisson,Marco P. Boks,Elizabeth A. Bolger,Anders D. Børglum,Anders D. Børglum,Bekh Bradley,Megan Brashear,Gerome Breen,Richard A. Bryant,A.C. Bustamante,Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm,Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm,Joseph R. Calabrese,José Miguel Caldas de Almeida,Anders M. Dale,Mark J. Daly,Nikolaos P. Daskalakis,Jürgen Deckert,Douglas L. Delahanty,Michelle F. Dennis,Seth G. Disner,Katharina Domschke,Alma Dzubur-Kulenovic,Christopher R. Erbes,Alexandra Evans,Lindsay A. Farrer,Norah C. Feeny,Janine D. Flory,David Forbes,Carol E. Franz,Sandro Galea,Melanie E. Garrett,Bizu Gelaye,Elbert Geuze,Charles F. Gillespie,Aferdita Goci Uka,Scott D. Gordon,Guia Guffanti,Rasha Hammamieh,Supriya Harnal,Michael A. Hauser,Andrew C. Heath,Sian M. J. Hemmings,David M. Hougaard,David M. Hougaard,Miro Jakovljević,Marti Jett,Eric O. Johnson,Ian Jones,Tanja Jovanovic,Xue Jun Qin,Angela G. Junglen,Karen-Inge Karstoft,Milissa L. Kaufman,Ronald C. Kessler,Alaptagin Khan,Nathan A. Kimbrel,Anthony P. King,Nastassja Koen,Henry R. Kranzler,Henry R. Kranzler,William S. Kremen,William S. Kremen,Bruce R. Lawford,Lauren A.M. Lebois,Catrin Lewis,Sarah D. Linnstaedt,Adriana Lori,Bozo Lugonja,Jurjen J. Luykx,Michael J. Lyons,Jessica L. Maples-Keller,Charles R. Marmar,Alicia R. Martin,Alicia R. Martin,Nicholas G. Martin,Douglas Maurer,Matig R. Mavissakalian,Alexander C. McFarlane,Regina E. McGlinchey,Katie A. McLaughlin,Samuel A. McLean,Sarah McLeay,Divya Mehta,William P. Milberg,Mark W. Miller,Rajendra A. Morey,Charles P. Morris,Ole Mors,Ole Mors,Preben Bo Mortensen,Preben Bo Mortensen,Benjamin M. Neale,Benjamin M. Neale,Elliot C. Nelson,Merete Nordentoft,Merete Nordentoft,Sonya B. Norman,Sonya B. Norman,Meaghan O'Donnell,Holly K. Orcutt,Matthew S. Panizzon,Edward S. Peters,Alan L. Peterson,Matthew Peverill,Robert H. Pietrzak,Robert H. Pietrzak,Melissa A. Polusny,John P. Rice,Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Stephan Ripke,Victoria B. Risbrough,Victoria B. Risbrough,Andrea L. Roberts,Alex O. Rothbaum,Barbara O. Rothbaum,Peter Roy-Byrne,Kenneth J. Ruggiero,Ariane Rung,Bart P. F. Rutten,Nancy L. Saccone,Sixto E. Sanchez,Dick Schijven,Soraya Seedat,Antonia V. Seligowski,Julia S. Seng,Christina M. Sheerin,Derrick Silove,Alicia K. Smith,Jordan W. Smoller,Jordan W. Smoller,Scott R. Sponheim,Dan J. Stein,Jennifer S. Stevens,Jennifer A. Sumner,Martin H. Teicher,Wesley K. Thompson,Edward J. Trapido,Monica Uddin,Robert J. Ursano,Leigh van den Heuvel,Miranda Van Hooff,Eric Vermetten,Christiaan H. Vinkers,Joanne Voisey,Yunpeng Wang,Yunpeng Wang,Zhewu Wang,Zhewu Wang,Thomas Werge,Thomas Werge,Michelle A. Williams,Douglas E. Williamson,Sherry Winternitz,Christiane Wolf,Erika J. Wolf,Jonathan D. Wolff,Rachel Yehuda,Rachel Yehuda,Ross McD. Young,Keith A. Young,Hongyu Zhao,Lori A. Zoellner,Israel Liberzon,Kerry J. Ressler,Kerry J. Ressler,Magali Haas,Karestan C. Koenen,Karestan C. Koenen +213 more
TL;DR: A GWAS from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium is reported in which two risk loci in European ancestry and one locus in African ancestry individuals are identified and it is found that PTSD is genetically correlated with several other psychiatric traits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association of DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Traumatic Experience Type and History in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Howard Liu,Maria Petukhova,Nancy A. Sampson,Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola,Jordi Alonso,Laura Helena Andrade,Evelyn J. Bromet,Giovanni de Girolamo,Josep Maria Haro,Hristo Hinkov,Norito Kawakami,Karestan C. Koenen,Viviane Kovess-Masfety,Sing Lee,María Elena Medina-Mora,Fernando Navarro-Mateu,Siobhan O'Neill,Marina Piazza,Jose Posada-Villa,Kate M. Scott,Victoria Shahly,Dan J. Stein,Margreet ten Have,Yolanda Torres,Oye Gureje,Alan M. Zaslavsky,Ronald C. Kessler +26 more
TL;DR: The finding of earlier studies that more general history of TE exposure was associated with increased vulnerability to PTSD across the full range of random TE types was replicated, but this generalized vulnerability was limited to prior TEs involving violence.
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Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Feng Tan,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Braden Te Ao,Carolina Maria Teixeira,Tara Templin,Eric Y. Tenkorang,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Bernadette Thomas,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,David L. Tirschwell,Imad M. Tleyjeh,Imad M. Tleyjeh,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Thomas Truelsen,Ulises Trujillo,Matias Trillini,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,E. Murat Tuzcu,Clotilde Ubeda,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Andrew Vallely,Steven van de Vijver,Coen H. Van Gool,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Monica S. Vavilala,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Gregory R. Wagner,Stephen G. Waller,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Xiao Rong Wang,Yanping Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Robert G. Weintraub,Wang Wenzhi,Andrea Werdecker,K. Ryan Wessells,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Timothy M. Wolock,Anthony D. Woolf,John Q. Wong,Jonathan L. Wright,Sarah Wulf,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Yang Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Hiroshi Yatsuya,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Kim Yun Jin,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Mohammed Fouad Zamakhshary,Hajo Zeeb,Yong Zhang,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Jun Zhu,Shankuan Zhu,David Zonies,Xiao Nong Zou,Joseph R. Zunt,Theo Vos,Alan D. Lopez,Alan D. Lopez,Christopher J L Murray,Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra,Howard Hu,Nadim E. Karam,Nsanzimana Sabin,A. M. Temesgen +731 more
TL;DR: In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors, the authors used the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data.
Journal ArticleDOI
The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
TL;DR: An overview of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) is presented and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence.
Jochen Hardt,Michael Rutter +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer-based search, supplemented by hand searches, was used to identify studies reported between 1980 and 2001 in which there was a quantified assessment of the validity of retrospective recall of major adverse experiences in childhood.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Naomi Breslau,Ronald C. Kessler,Howard D. Chilcoat,Lonni Schultz,Glenn C. Davis,Patricia Andreski +5 more
TL;DR: The risk of PTSD associated with a representative sample of traumas is less than previously estimated, and sudden unexpected death of a loved one is a far more important cause of PTSD in the community, accounting for nearly one third of PTSD cases.