Westinghouse Electric

About: Westinghouse Electric is a company organization based out in Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Brake & Signal. The organization has 27959 authors who have published 38036 publications receiving 523387 citations.

Fault current limiter using a superconducting coil

Abstract: A novel circuit, consisting of solid-state diodes and a biased superconducting coil, for limiting the fault currents in three phase ac systems is presented. A modification of the basic circuit results in a solid-state ac breaker with current limiting features. The operating characteristics of the fault current limiter and the ac breaker are analyzed. An optimization procedure for sizing the superconducting coil is derived.

Cross Sections and Electron Affinity for O − Ions From O 2 , CO, and C O 2 by Electron Impact

Abstract: Cross sections for the formation of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, CO, and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have been measured using an electron beam experiment in which an attempt is made to eliminate kinetic energy and angular discrimination by collecting most of the positive and negative ions produced in the tube. The cross sections are independent of electron current, pressure, and magnetic field. The values of these cross sections at their peak are 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 6.7 eV in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 10.1 eV in CO, and 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 8.2 eV in C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibits a second smaller peak at 4.2 eV with a cross section of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Kinetic-energy measurements on the ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion from ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are not compatible with the value for the electron affinity (1.465 eV) obtained from photodetachment experiments but yield an electron affinity of 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV and so suggest the existence of excited states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The experimental evidence from triatomic molecules ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$O, N${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is reviewed and is consistent with the higher value for the electron affinity for oxygen.

Digital computer monitored and/or operated system or process which is structured for operation with an improved automatic programming process and system

Abstract: An industrial production or other operational system is established by connecting apparatus which implements system operations to a digital computer system using an interface system. Machine readable definitions of events, of executable jobs, and of system variables are prepared for computer entry and ultimately for configuration of the system apparatus into an entity having operational characteristics corresponding to the entered definitions. The definitions of system variables may include definitions of signals which are coupled between the system apparatus and the computer through the interface system, and such signals may be put to system monitoring or control uses or both of these uses in the structured system. Some of the definitions may be computer programs, but most are preferably definitions of the system configuration written out in a language which a systems engineer can understand and use. Generally, definitions may include designators which are names or numbers. Any definition may refer to an event, a job, or a variable by making reference to the designator that is included in the definition of the event, the job or the variable. Executable job definitions may, by referring to event designators, specify specific events which are to trigger their execution--or example, variable scanning events or variable change-of-state events--or they may specify that they are to be periodically executed at a specified frequency or rate. The definitions are processed individually by an off-line preliminary processor which converts the systems engineer's language into a numeric language intelligible to processing programs within the computer system or to the computer system itself. The definitions are then fed into the computer system. Automatic programming means within the computer system establish all the necessary linkages between each new definition and previously entered definitions and other operative portions of the computer system so as to implement each definition relative to the system apparatus as soon as the definition is received and so as automatically to establish the desired system operating configuration through the controlled operation of the computer relative to the interfaced system apparatus. Definitions may be deleted from the computer system at any time and in any order by the automatic programming means without shutting down the system, and the system operating configuration may thus be modified whenever necessary or desirable. Following such deletions, the automatic programming means eliminates linkages which are no longer required and compresses the tables in which such linkages may be stored so as to maximize the storage space which is available for additional new definitions and their associated linkages.

Oxidation kinetics of hot-pressed silicon carbide

Abstract: The oxidation of silicon carbide, hot-pressed with ∼ 4 wt % Al2O3, in 1 atm dry oxygen follows classical parabolic behaviour with an activation energy of 481 kJ mol−1 in the temperature range 1200 to 1400° C. The oxide film consists predominantly of cristobalite and a glassy phase in which additive (Al) and various impurity elements (Fe, Na, K, etc) concentrate. The desorption of CO(g) from the SiC/SiO2 interface appears to be oxidation rate controlling.

Hot-pressing behaviour of silicon carbide powders with additions of aluminium oxide

Abstract: The hot-pressing behaviour of different silicon carbide powders (average particle sizes ranging from ∼ 0.5 to 9 μm) with aluminium oxide additions ranging from 0.01 to 0.15 volume fractions was investigated. Using powders with an average particle size < 3 μm, densities ≥ 99% theoretical could be achieved at 1950° C (1 h) with 28 MN m−2 for volume fractions of AI2O3 $$\bar > $$ 0.02. A liquid phase forms at high temperatures which dissolves the silicon carbide particles to promote densification by a solution-reprecipitation mechanism.