Detection and Quantification of Enteric Pathogens in Aerosols Near Open Wastewater Canals in Cities with Poor Sanitation.
Olivia Ginn,Lucas Rocha-Melogno,Lucas Rocha-Melogno,Aaron Bivins,Sarah Lowry,Maria Cardelino,Dennis Nichols,Sachchida Nand Tripathi,Freddy Soria,Marcos Andrade,Marcos Andrade,Michael H. Bergin,Marc A. Deshusses,Joe Brown +13 more
TLDR
In this paper, the authors detected and quantified enteric pathogen-associated gene targets in aerosol samples near open wastewater canals (OWCs) or impacted (receiving sewage or wastewater) surface waters and control sites in La Paz, Bolivia; Kanpur, India; and Atlanta, USA, via multiplex reverse-transcription qPCR (37 targets) and ddPCR(13 targets).Abstract:
Urban sanitation infrastructure is inadequate in many low-income countries, leading to the presence of highly concentrated, uncontained fecal waste streams in densely populated areas. Combined with mechanisms of aerosolization, airborne transport of enteric microbes and their genetic material is possible in such settings but remains poorly characterized. We detected and quantified enteric pathogen-associated gene targets in aerosol samples near open wastewater canals (OWCs) or impacted (receiving sewage or wastewater) surface waters and control sites in La Paz, Bolivia; Kanpur, India; and Atlanta, USA, via multiplex reverse-transcription qPCR (37 targets) and ddPCR (13 targets). We detected a wide range of enteric targets, some not previously reported in extramural urban aerosols, with more frequent detections of all enteric targets at higher densities in La Paz and Kanpur near OWCs. We report density estimates ranging up to 4.7 × 102 gc per mair3 across all targets including heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., norovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. Estimated 25, 76, and 0% of samples containing positive pathogen detects were accompanied by culturable E. coli in La Paz, Kanpur, and Atlanta, respectively, suggesting potential for viability of enteric microbes at the point of sampling. Airborne transmission of enteric pathogens merits further investigation in cities with poor sanitation.read more
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Quantitative microbial risk assessment of outdoor aerosolized pathogens in cities with poor sanitation.
Lucas Rocha-Melogno,Katherine Crank,Olivia Ginn,Michael H. Bergin,J. Brown,Gregory C. Gray,Kerry A. Hamilton,Kyle Bibby,Marc A. Deshusses +8 more
TL;DR: The potential public health impact of bioaerosols near open waste canals (OWCs) using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) using data acquired in La Paz, Bolivia to characterize the risk of disease that aerosolized enteric pathogens may pose through food, fomites and inhalation (all followed by ingestion) as discussed by the authors .
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Clinically Relevant β-Lactam Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants
TL;DR: This paper aimed to present the available research data for ARGs in WWTPs that confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, with a particular emphasis on clinically important life-threatening mechanisms of resistance, including extended-spectrum β- lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases (KPC, NDM).
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Sepanlou,Edson Serván-Mori,Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi,Hosein Shabaninejad,Katya Anne Shackelford,Azadeh Shafieesabet,Mehdi Shahbazi,Amira Shaheen,Masood Ali Shaikh,Mehran Shams-Beyranvand,MohammadBagher Shamsi,Morteza Shamsizadeh,Kiomars Sharafi,Mehdi Sharif,Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini,Rajesh Sharma,Jun She,Aziz Sheikh,Peilin Shi,Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw,Mika Shigematsu,Rahman Shiri,Reza Shirkoohi,Ivy Shiue,Farhad Shokraneh,Mark G Shrime,Si Si,Soraya Siabani,Tariq Jamal Siddiqi,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,João Pedro Silva,Natacha Torres Da Silva,Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira,Jasvinder A. Singh,Narinder Pal Singh,Prashant Singh,Virendra Singh,Dhirendra N Sinha,Karen Sliwa,Mari Smith,Badr Hasan Sobaih,Soheila Sobhani,Eugene Sobngwi,Samir Soneji,Moslem Soofi,Reed J D Sorensen,Joan B. Soriano,Ireneous N. Soyiri,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Vinay Srinivasan,Jeffrey D. Stanaway,Vladimir I. Starodubov,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Dan J. Stein,Caitlyn Steiner,Leo G Stewart,Mark A. Stokes,Michelle L Subart,Agus Sudaryanto,Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan,Patrick J Sur,Ipsita Sutradhar,Bryan L. Sykes,P N Sylaja,Dillon O Sylte,Cassandra Szoeke,Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos,Takahiro Tabuchi,Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla,Ken Takahashi,Nikhil Tandon,Segen Gebremeskel Tassew,Nuno Taveira,Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi,Tigist Gashaw Tekalign,Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle,Mohamad-Hani Temsah,Omar Temsah,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Manaye Yihune Teshale,Belay Tessema,Gizachew Assefa Tessema,Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan,Sathish Thirunavukkarasu,Nihal Thomas,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Binyam Tilahun,Quyen G. To,Ruoyan Tobe-Gai,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topor-Madry,Anna E. Torre,Miguel Tortajada-Girbés,Mathilde Touvier,Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone,Bach Xuan Tran,Khanh Bao Tran,Suryakant Tripathi,Christopher Troeger,Thomas Truelsen,Nu Thi Truong,Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik,Derrick Tsoi,Lorainne Tudor Car,E. Murat Tuzcu,Stefanos Tyrovolas,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Irfan Ullah,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Rachel L Updike,Muhammad Usman,Olalekan A. Uthman,Selen Begüm Uzun,Muthiah Vaduganathan,Afsane Vaezi,Gaurang Vaidya,Pascual R. Valdez,Elena Varavikova,Tommi Vasankari,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Santos Villafaina,Francesco Saverio Violante,Sergey K Vladimirov,Vasily Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Theo Vos,Gregory R. Wagner,Fasil Wagnew,Yasir Waheed,Mitchell T. Wallin,Judd L. Walson,Yanping Wang,Yuan-Pang Wang,Molla Mesele Wassie,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Fitsum Weldegebreal,Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs,Andrea Werdecker,Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh,T. Eoin West,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,Justyna Widecka,Lauren B. Wilner,Shadrach Wilson,Andrea Sylvia Winkler,Charles Shey Wiysonge,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Shouling Wu,Yun-Chun Wu,Grant M A Wyper,Denis Xavier,Gelin Xu,Simon Yadgir,Ali Yadollahpour,Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari,Bereket Yakob,Lijing L. Yan,Yuichiro Yano,Mehdi Yaseri,Yasin Jemal Yasin,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Alex Yeshaneh,Ebrahim M Yimer,Paul S. F. Yip,Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw,Engida Yisma,Naohiro Yonemoto,Gerald Yonga,Seok Jun Yoon,Marcel Yotebieng,Mustafa Z. Younis,Mahmoud Yousefifard,Chuanhua Yu,Vesna Zadnik,Zoubida Zaidi,Sojib Bin Zaman,Mohammad Zamani,Zohreh Zare,Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke,Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe,Anthony Lin Zhang,Kai Zhang,Maigeng Zhou,Sanjay Zodpey,Liesl Zühlke,Mohsen Naghavi,Christopher J L Murray +1028 more
TL;DR: Non-communicable diseases comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2).
Journal ArticleDOI
Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study.
Karen L. Kotloff,James P. Nataro,William C. Blackwelder,Dilruba Nasrin,Tamer H. Farag,Sandra Panchalingam,Yukun Wu,Samba O. Sow,Dipika Sur,Robert F. Breiman,Abu Syed Golam Faruque,Anita K. M. Zaidi,Debasish Saha,Pedro L. Alonso,Boubou Tamboura,Doh Sanogo,Uma Onwuchekwa,Byomkesh Manna,Thandavarayan Ramamurthy,Suman Kanungo,John B. Ochieng,Richard Omore,Joseph Oundo,Anowar Hossain,Sumon Kumar Das,Shahnawaz Ahmed,Shahida Qureshi,Farheen Quadri,Richard A. Adegbola,Richard A. Adegbola,Martin Antonio,M. Jahangir Hossain,Adebayo Akinsola,Inacio Mandomando,Tacilta Nhampossa,Sozinho Acácio,Kousick Biswas,Ciara E. O’Reilly,Eric D. Mintz,Lynette Y. Berkeley,Lynette Y. Berkeley,Khitam Muhsen,Halvor Sommerfelt,Halvor Sommerfelt,Roy M. Robins-Browne,Myron M. Levine +45 more
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.
Journal ArticleDOI
New sampler for the collection, sizing, and enumeration of viable airborne particles.
TL;DR: From these and many other references it is obvious that any instrument used to assess the health hazard or infection potential of particulate aerosols should determine the number and the size3 of the airborne particles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Norwalk Virus: How Infectious Is It?
Peter Teunis,Christine L. Moe,Pengbo Liu,Sara E. Miller,Lisa C. Lindesmith,Ralph S. Baric,Jacques Le Pendu,Rebecca L. Calderon +7 more
TL;DR: A new variant of the hit theory model of microbial infection was developed to estimate the variation in Norwalk virus infectivity, as well as the degree of virus aggregation, consistent with independent (electron microscopic) observations.
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