Ford Motor Company

About: Ford Motor Company is a company organization based out in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Signal. The organization has 36123 authors who have published 51450 publications receiving 855200 citations. The organization is also known as: Ford Motor & Ford Motor Corporation.

Crack patterns in thin films

Abstract: A two-dimensional model of a film bonded to an elastic substrate is proposed for simulating crack propagation paths in thin elastic films. Specific examples are presented for films subject to equi-biaxial residual tensile stress. Single and multiple crack geometries are considered with a view to elucidating some of the crack patterns which are observed to develop. Tendencies for propagating cracks to remain straight or curve are explored as a consequence of crack interaction. The existence of spiral paths is demonstrated.

ACCM/PALS haemodynamic support guidelines for paediatric septic shock: an outcomes comparison with and without monitoring central venous oxygen saturation

Abstract: The ACCM/PALS guidelines address early correction of paediatric septic shock using conventional measures. In the evolution of these recommendations, indirect measures of the balance between systemic oxygen delivery and demands using central venous or superior vena cava oxygen saturation (ScvO2 ≥ 70%) in a goal-directed approach have been added. However, while these additional goal-directed endpoints are based on evidence-based adult studies, the extrapolation to the paediatric patient remains unvalidated. The purpose of this study was to compare treatment according to ACCM/PALS guidelines, performed with and without ScvO2 goal-directed therapy, on the morbidity and mortality rate of children with severe sepsis and septic shock. Children and adolescents with severe sepsis or fluid-refractory septic shock were randomly assigned to ACCM/PALS with or without ScvO2 goal-directed resuscitation. Twenty-eight-day mortality was the primary endpoint. Of the 102 enrolled patients, 51 received ACCM/PALS with ScvO2 goal-directed therapy and 51 received ACCM/PALS without ScvO2 goal-directed therapy. ScvO2 goal-directed therapy resulted in less mortality (28-day mortality 11.8% vs. 39.2%, p = 0.002), and fewer new organ dysfunctions (p = 0.03). ScvO2 goal-directed therapy resulted in more crystalloid (28 (20–40) vs. 5 (0–20) ml/kg, p < 0.0001), blood transfusion (45.1% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.002) and inotropic (29.4% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.01) support in the first 6 h. This study supports the current ACCM/PALS guidelines. Goal-directed therapy using the endpoint of a ScvO2 ≥ 70% has a significant and additive impact on the outcome of children and adolescents with septic shock.

Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: a prospective analysis.

Abstract: Objective The authors previously identified suspected risk factors for traumatic events related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the basis of data gathered retrospectively. In this study, they tested that model prospectively. Method A random sample of 1,200 persons was drawn from all 21- to 30-year-old members of a large health maintenance organization. In 1989, 1,007 of these persons were interviewed, and suspected risk factors were measured. In 1992, 979 were reinterviewed, and the 3-year incidence of exposure to traumatic events was ascertained. Results Nineteen percent of the sample reported traumatic events during the 3-year follow-up. A history of past exposure to traumatic events signaled an increase in the liability to exposure during follow-up, independent of suspected risk factors. Two predictors of exposure, neuroticism and extroversion, identified retrospectively, also predicted exposure prospectively. The odds for exposure among males and persons with less than a college education were marginally significant. Early misconduct and a family history of psychiatric disorder-predictors of exposure in the retrospective data-were not significant predictors at 3-year follow-up. Blacks had a higher incidence of exposure during follow-up than whites. An exploratory reanalysis suggested that the discrepancy between the retrospective and prospective results may be explained by the inclusion of childhood exposure in the lifetime retrospective inquiry. Conclusions The assumption that PTSD-related traumatic events are random phenomena was unsupported. Among young adults, those with less education, blacks, and those with high neuroticism and extroversion scores are more likely than others to be exposed to traumatic events and are thus at greater risk for PTSD.

Evidence of cardiocyte apoptosis in myocardium of dogs with chronic heart failure.

Abstract: It is often speculated that progressive deterioration of left ventricular function in heart failure is due to ongoing loss of viable cardiocytes. In this study, we examined the possibility that cardiocyte loss in heart failure may be due, in part, to apoptosis, an active process of gene-directed cellular self-destruction. Studies were performed in left ventricular tissue obtained from 10 dogs with chronic heart failure produced by multiple intracoronary microembolizations (left ventricular ejection fraction 27 +/- 1%) and from 5 normal dogs. Evidence for cardiocyte apoptosis was based on transmission electron microscopy criteria and on in situ immunohistochemical labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. There was no evidence of apoptotic cardiocytes in normal dogs. Features of cardiocyte apoptosis were observed in dogs with heart failure primarily in regions bordering old infarcts. Electron microscopic features of cardiocyte apoptosis included (1) intact sarcolemma and inner organelles in the presence of compaction and segregation of nuclear chromatin into sharply delineated masses that about the nuclear envelope, (2) intact sarcolemma in the presence of cytoplasm shrinkage, blebbing, and nuclear fragmentation, and (3) intact sarcolemma in the presence of complete disorganization of inner organelles and disappearance of nucleolemma. A count of all of the apoptotic bodies positively labeled for nuclear DNA fragments showed that 11% were of cardiocyte origin confirmed by positive labeling with striated muscle antimyosin antibody. We conclude that morphological and biochemical features of cardiocyte apoptosis exist in the left ventricular myocardium of dogs with chronic heart failure.