Showing papers by "University of Valencia published in 2014"
TL;DR: The review as discussed by the authors summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, including the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons and baryons.
Abstract: The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters.
7,337 citations
TL;DR: Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001−2011) Jiang Wang,† María Sańchez-Rosello,́‡,§ Jose ́ Luis Aceña, Carlos del Pozo,‡ and Hong Liu.
Abstract: Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001−2011) Jiang Wang,† María Sańchez-Rosello,́‡,§ Jose ́ Luis Aceña, Carlos del Pozo,‡ Alexander E. Sorochinsky, Santos Fustero,*,‡,§ Vadim A. Soloshonok,* and Hong Liu*,† †Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andreś Estelleś, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain Laboratorio de Molećulas Orgańicas, Centro de Investigacioń Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yuf́era 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizab́al 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, 02660 Kyiv-94, Ukraine
3,368 citations
TL;DR: This article identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height, and all common variants together captured 60% of heritability.
Abstract: Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
1,872 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a perovskite solar cell was fabricated by using room-temperature deposition processes and the cells were based on a layer of methylammonium lead iodide perovsite that is prepared by sublimation in a high-vacuum chamber and sandwiched between two thin organic charge-transport layers.
Abstract: Highly efficient perovskite solar cells have been fabricated by using room-temperature deposition processes. The cells are based on a layer of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite that is prepared by sublimation in a high-vacuum chamber and sandwiched between two thin organic charge-transport layers.
1,318 citations
Vilnius University1, University of Ferrara2, Aarhus University3, University of Oslo4, Royal Institute of Technology5, Electromagnetic Geoservices6, University of Trieste7, Norwegian Computing Center8, University of Southern Denmark9, University of Santiago de Compostela10, Danske Bank11, Ruhr University Bochum12, Norwegian Meteorological Institute13, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment14, University of Auckland15, Norwegian University of Science and Technology16, Information Technology University17, Technical University of Ostrava18, Linköping University19, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology20, ETH Zurich21, Australian National University22, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia23, Cisco Systems, Inc.24, University of Buenos Aires25, University of Copenhagen26, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg27, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz28, National Scientific and Technical Research Council29, University of Valencia30, Paul Sabatier University31, University of Melbourne32, University of Nottingham33, University of Bristol34, CLC bio35, Princeton University36, La Trobe University37, Clemson University38
TL;DR: Dalton is a powerful general‐purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree–Fock, Kohn–Sham, multiconfigurational self‐consistent‐field, Møller–Plesset, configuration‐interaction, and coupled‐cluster levels of theory.
Abstract: Dalton is a powerful general-purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree-Fock, Kohn-Sham, multiconfigurational self-consistent-field, MOller-Plesset, confi ...
1,212 citations
TL;DR: This work reports the preparation of 6 nm-sized nanoparticles of this type by a simple and fast method based on the use of an ammonium bromide with a medium-sized chain that keeps the nanoparticles dispersed in a wide range of organic solvents.
Abstract: To date, there is no example in the literature of free, nanometer-sized, organolead halide CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskites. We report here the preparation of 6 nm-sized nanoparticles of this type by a simple and fast method based on the use of an ammonium bromide with a medium-sized chain that keeps the nanoparticles dispersed in a wide range of organic solvents. These nanoparticles can be maintained stable in the solid state as well as in concentrated solutions for more than three months, without requiring a mesoporous material. This makes it possible to prepare homogeneous thin films of these nanoparticles by spin-coating on a quartz substrate. Both the colloidal solution and the thin film emit light within a narrow bandwidth of the visible spectrum and with a high quantum yield (ca. 20%); this could be advantageous in the design of optoelectronic devices.
1,090 citations
TL;DR: This work presents the results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at the University Hospitals Leuven and at the urging of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of chemotherapy for Digestive Oncology patients with Hashimoto's disease.
954 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the relationship between organizational innovation and technological innovation capabilities, and analyze their effect on firm performance using a resource-based view theoretical framework, and find that organizational innovation favors the development of technological innovation capability and that both organizational innovations and technological capabilities for products and processes can lead to superior firm performance.
812 citations
University of Milan1, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens2, University College Dublin3, University of Western Australia4, Ghent University5, University of Barcelona6, Maastricht University7, Memorial Hospital of South Bend8, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven9, Mayo Clinic10, The Heart Research Institute11, Tohoku University12, Jichi Medical University13, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón14, Joseph Fourier University15, University of Toronto16, New York University17, Teikyo University18, University of Padua19, University of Valencia20, Complutense University of Madrid21, King's College London22, University of Amsterdam23, University of Lausanne24, Shanghai Jiao Tong University25, Peking Union Medical College26
TL;DR: The requirements and the methodological issues to be addressed for using ABPM in clinical practice are addressed, the clinical indications for ABPM suggested by the available studies are outlined in detail, and the place of home measurement of blood pressure in relation to ABPM is discussed.
Abstract: Given the increasing use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in both clinical practice and hypertension research, a group of scientists, participating in the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular variability, in year 2013 published a comprehensive position paper dealing with all aspects of the technique, based on the available scientific evidence for ABPM. The present work represents an updated schematic summary of the most important aspects related to the use of ABPM in daily practice, and is aimed at providing recommendations for proper use of this technique in a clinical setting by both specialists and practicing physicians. The present article details the requirements and the methodological issues to be addressed for using ABPM in clinical practice, The clinical indications for ABPM suggested by the available studies, among which white-coat phenomena, masked hypertension, and nocturnal hypertension, are outlined in detail, and the place of home measurement of blood pressure in relation to ABPM is discussed. The role of ABPM in pharmacological, epidemiological, and clinical research is also briefly mentioned. Finally, the implementation of ABPM in practice is considered in relation to the situation of different countries with regard to the reimbursement and the availability of ABPM in primary care practices, hospital clinics, and pharmacies.
786 citations
Free University of Berlin1, Max Planck Society2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Carnegie Institution for Science4, California Institute of Technology5, University of Technology, Sydney6, Spanish National Research Council7, Brown University8, United States Department of Agriculture9, Stockholm University10, University of Valencia11, Institut national de la recherche agronomique12, University of Minnesota13
TL;DR: New space-based observations of chlorophyll fluorescence enable an accurate, global, and time-resolved measurement of crop photosynthesis, which is not possible from any other remote vegetation measurement, and indicates that SIF data can help improve global models for more accurate projections of agricultural productivity and climate impact on crop yields.
Abstract: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harvest sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. It is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth; hence it is important to understand how this process responds to climate change and human impact. However, model-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP, output from photosynthesis) are highly uncertain, in particular over heavily managed agricultural areas. Recent advances in spectroscopy enable the space-based monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from terrestrial plants. Here we demonstrate that spaceborne SIF retrievals provide a direct measure of the GPP of cropland and grassland ecosystems. Such a strong link with crop photosynthesis is not evident for traditional remotely sensed vegetation indices, nor for more complex carbon cycle models. We use SIF observations to provide a global perspective on agricultural productivity. Our SIF-based crop GPP estimates are 50–75% higher than results from state-of-the-art carbon cycle models over, for example, the US Corn Belt and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, implying that current models severely underestimate the role of management. Our results indicate that SIF data can help us improve our global models for more accurate projections of agricultural productivity and climate impact on crop yields. Extension of our approach to other ecosystems, along with increased observational capabilities for SIF in the near future, holds the prospect of reducing uncertainties in the modeling of the current and future carbon cycle.
782 citations
TL;DR: The EUROCARE-5 survival study estimates survival of children diagnosed with cancer between 2000 and 2007, assesses whether survival differences among European countries have changed, and investigates changes from 1999 to 2007.
Abstract: Summary Background Survival and cure rates for childhood cancers in Europe have greatly improved over the past 40 years and are mostly good, although not in all European countries. The EUROCARE-5 survival study estimates survival of children diagnosed with cancer between 2000 and 2007, assesses whether survival differences among European countries have changed, and investigates changes from 1999 to 2007. Methods We analysed survival data for 157 499 children (age 0–14 years) diagnosed between Jan 1, 1978 and Dec 31, 2007. They came from 74 population-based cancer registries in 29 countries. We calculated observed, country-weighted 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival for major cancers and all cancers combined. For comparison between countries, we used the corrected group prognosis method to provide survival probabilities adjusted for multiple confounders (sex, age, period of diagnosis, and, for all cancers combined without CNS cancers, casemix). Age-adjusted survival differences by area and calendar period were calculated with period analysis and were given for all cancers combined and the major cancers. Findings We analysed 59 579 cases. For all cancers combined for children diagnosed in 2000–07, 1-year survival was 90·6% (95% CI 90·2–90·9), 3-year survival was 81·0 % (95% CI 80·5–81·4), and 5-year survival was 77·9% (95% CI 77·4–78·3). For all cancers combined, 5-year survival rose from 76·1% (74·4–77·7) for 1999–2001, to 79·1% (77·3–80·7) for 2005–07 (hazard ratio 0·973, 95% CI 0·965–0·982, p Interpretation Several reasons might explain persisting inequalities. The lack of health-care resources is probably most important, especially in some eastern European countries with limited drug supply, lack of specialised centres with multidisciplinary teams, delayed diagnosis and treatment, poor management of treatment, and drug toxicity. In the short term, cross-border care and collaborative programmes could help to narrow the survival gaps in Europe. Funding Italian Ministry of Health, European Commission, Compagnia di San Paolo Foundation.
TL;DR: This work shows that disruption of Xrn1 activity preferentially affects both the synthesis and decay of a distinct subpopulation of mRNAs, and proposes to name the most affected genes “Xrn1 synthegradon.”
Abstract: The 5’ to 3’ exoribonuclease Xrn1 is a large protein involved in cytoplasmatic mRNA degradation as a critical component of the major decaysome. Its deletion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not lethal, but it has multiple physiological effects. In a previous study, our group showed that deletion of all tested components of the yeast major decaysome, including XRN1, results in a decrease in the synthetic rate and an increase in half-life of most mRNAs in a compensatory manner. Furthermore, the same study showed that the all tested decaysome components are also nuclear proteins that bind to the 5’ region of a number of genes. In the present work, we show that disruption of Xrn1 activity preferentially affects both the synthesis and decay of a distinct subpopulation of mRNAs. The most affected mRNAs are the transcripts of the highly transcribed genes, mainly those encoding ribosome biogenesis and translation factors. Previously, we proposed that synthegradases play a key role in regulating both mRNA synthesis and degradation. Evidently, Xrn1 functions as a synthegradase, whose selectivity might help coordinating the expression of the protein synthetic machinery. We propose to name the most affected genes “Xrn1 synthegradon”.
TL;DR: The objective is to offer the interested applied researcher updated guidance on how to perform an Exploratory Item Factor Analysis, according to the "post-Little Jiffy" psychometrics.
Abstract: Exploratory Factor analysis is one of the techniques used in the development, validation and adaptation of psychological measurement instruments Its use spread during the 1960s and has been growing exponentially thanks to the advancement of information technology The criteria used, of course, have also evolved But the applied researchers, who use this technique as a routine, remain often ignorant of all this In the last few decades numerous studies have denounced this situation There is an urgent need to update the classic criteria The incorporation of the most suitable criteria will improve the quality of our research In this work we review the classic criteria and, depending on the case, we also propose current criteria to replace or complement the former Our objective is to offer the interested applied researcher updated guidance on how to perform an Exploratory Item Factor Analysis, according to the “post-Little Jiffy” psychometrics This review and the guide with the corresponding recommendations have been articulated in four large blocks: 1) the data type and the matrix of association, 2) the method of factor estimation, 3) the number of factors to be retained, and 4) the method of rotation and allocation of items An abridged version of the complete guide is provided at the end of the article
TL;DR: The basis of photosynthetic acclimation and its optical signals is presented, the physical and physiological basis of ChlF is introduced from the molecular to the leaf level and beyond, and PAM and SIF methodology are introduced.
Abstract: subcellular levels. ChlF is now measurable from remote sensing platforms. This provides a new optical means to track photosynthesis and gross primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Importantly, the spatiotemporal and methodological context of the new applications is dramatically different compared with most of the available ChlF literature, which raises a number of important considerations. Although we have a good mechanistic understanding of the processes that control the ChlF signal over the short term, the seasonal link between ChlF and photosynthesis remains obscure. Additionally, while the current understanding of in vivo ChlF is based on pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) measurements, remote sensing applications are based on the measurement of the passive solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), which entails important differences and new challenges that remain to be solved. In this review we introduce and revisit the physical, physiological, and methodological factors that control the leaf-level ChlF signal in the context of the new remote sensing applications. Specifically, we present the basis of photosynthetic acclimation and its optical signals, we introduce the physical and physiological basis of ChlF from the molecular to the leaf level and beyond, and we introduce and compare PAM and SIF methodology. Finally, we evaluate and identify the challenges that still remain to be answered in order to consolidate our mechanistic understanding of the remotely sensed SIF signal.
TL;DR: This letter proposes SC and SW algorithms to be applied to Landsat-8 TIRS data for LST retrieval, and results show slightly better results for the SW algorithm than for the SC algorithm with increasing atmospheric water vapor contents.
Abstract: The importance of land surface temperature (LST) retrieved from high to medium spatial resolution remote sensing data for many environmental studies, particularly the applications related to water resources management over agricultural sites, was a key factor for the final decision of including a thermal infrared (TIR) instrument on board the Landsat Data Continuity Mission or Landsat-8. This new TIR sensor (TIRS) includes two TIR bands in the atmospheric window between 10 and 12 $\mu\hbox{m}$ , thus allowing the application of split-window (SW) algorithms in addition to single-channel (SC) algorithms or direct inversions of the radiative transfer equation used in previous sensors on board the Landsat platforms, with only one TIR band. In this letter, we propose SC and SW algorithms to be applied to Landsat-8 TIRS data for LST retrieval. Algorithms were tested with simulated data obtained from forward simulations using atmospheric profile databases and emissivity spectra extracted from spectral libraries. Results show mean errors typically below 1.5 K for both SC and SW algorithms, with slightly better results for the SW algorithm than for the SC algorithm with increasing atmospheric water vapor contents.
University of Milano-Bicocca1, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven2, Gdańsk Medical University3, University of Valencia4, University of Milan5, Ghent University6, Charles University in Prague7, University of Glasgow8, University Medical Center Utrecht9, Linköping University10, University of Birmingham11, University of Oslo12, French Institute of Health and Medical Research13, Lund University14, John Radcliffe Hospital15, Tallinn University of Technology16, University Hospital of Lausanne17, University of Lorraine18
TL;DR: This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of knowing the carrier and removal status of canine coronavirus, as a source of infection for other animals, not necessarily belonging to the same breeds.
Abstract: ABPMambulatory blood pressure monitoringACEangiotensin converting enzymeARBangiotensin receptor blockerA-Vatrio-ventricularBBbeta-blockerBPblood pressureCHDcoronary heart diseaseCKDchronic kidney d...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors updated their previous global fit of neutrino oscillations by including the recent results that have appeared since the Neutrino 2012 conference, including the measurements of reactor antineutrinos disappearance reported by Daya Bay and RENO, together with latest T2K and MINOS data including both disappearance and appearance channels.
Abstract: Here, we update our previous global fit of neutrino oscillations by including the recent results that have appeared since the Neutrino 2012 conference. These include the measurements of reactor antineutrino disappearance reported by Daya Bay and RENO, together with latest T2K and MINOS data including both disappearance and appearance channels. We also include the revised results from the third solar phase of Super-Kamiokande, SK-III, as well as new solar results from the fourth phase of Super-Kamiokande, SK-IV. We find that the preferred global determination of the atmospheric angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}$ is consistent with maximal mixing. We also determine the impact of the new data upon all the other neutrino oscillation parameters with an emphasis on the increasing sensitivity to the $CP$ phase, thanks to the interplay between accelerator and reactor data. In the Appendix, we present the updated results obtained after the inclusion of new reactor data presented at the Neutrino 2014 conference. We discuss their impact on the global neutrino analysis.
TL;DR: This paper reviews IH technology summarizing the main milestones in its development and analyzing the current state of art of IH systems in industrial, domestic, and medical applications, paying special attention to the key enabling technologies involved.
Abstract: Induction heating (IH) technology is nowadays the heating technology of choice in many industrial, domestic, and medical applications due to its advantages regarding efficiency, fast heating, safety, cleanness, and accurate control. Advances in key technologies, i.e., power electronics, control techniques, and magnetic component design, have allowed the development of highly reliable and cost-effective systems, making this technology readily available and ubiquitous. This paper reviews IH technology summarizing the main milestones in its development and analyzing the current state of art of IH systems in industrial, domestic, and medical applications, paying special attention to the key enabling technologies involved. Finally, an overview of future research trends and challenges is given, highlighting the promising future of IH technology.
TL;DR: Supporting this concept, intracerebral inoculation of synthetic recombinant α‐synuclein fibrils can trigger α‐Synuclein pathology in mice, and it remains uncertain whether the pathogenic effects of recombinant synthetic α‐ synuclein may apply to PD‐linked pathological α‐ Synuclein and occur in species closer to humans.
Abstract: Objective
Mounting evidence suggests that α-synuclein, a major protein component of Lewy bodies (LB), may be responsible for initiating and spreading the pathological process in Parkinson disease (PD). Supporting this concept, intracerebral inoculation of synthetic recombinant α-synuclein fibrils can trigger α-synuclein pathology in mice. However, it remains uncertain whether the pathogenic effects of recombinant synthetic α-synuclein may apply to PD-linked pathological α-synuclein and occur in species closer to humans.
Methods
Nigral LB-enriched fractions containing pathological α-synuclein were purified from postmortem PD brains by sucrose gradient fractionation and subsequently inoculated into the substantia nigra or striatum of wild-type mice and macaque monkeys. Control animals received non-LB fractions containing soluble α-synuclein derived from the same nigral PD tissue.
Results
In both mice and monkeys, intranigral or intrastriatal inoculations of PD-derived LB extracts resulted in progressive nigrostriatal neurodegeneration starting at striatal dopaminergic terminals. No neurodegeneration was observed in animals receiving non-LB fractions from the same patients. In LB-injected animals, exogenous human α-synuclein was quickly internalized within host neurons and triggered the pathological conversion of endogenous α-synuclein. At the onset of LB-induced degeneration, host pathological α-synuclein diffusely accumulated within nigral neurons and anatomically interconnected regions, both anterogradely and retrogradely. LB-induced pathogenic effects required both human α-synuclein present in LB extracts and host expression of α-synuclein.
Interpretation
α-Synuclein species contained in PD-derived LB are pathogenic and have the capacity to initiate a PD-like pathological process, including intracellular and presynaptic accumulations of pathological α-synuclein in different brain areas and slowly progressive axon-initiated dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:351–362
TL;DR: The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrinos beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV, corresponding to a significance of 7.3σ.
Abstract: The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. A total of 28 electron neutrino events were detected with an energy distribution consistent with an appearance signal, corresponding to a significance of 7.3 sigma when compared to 4.92 +/- 0.55 expected background events. In the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing model, the electron neutrino appearance signal depends on several parameters including three mixing angles theta(12), theta(23), theta(13), a mass difference vertical bar Delta m(32)(2)vertical bar and a CP violating phase delta(CP). In this neutrino oscillation scenario, assuming vertical bar Delta m(32)(2)vertical bar = 2.4 x 10(-3) eV(2), sin theta(2)(23) = 0.5, and vertical bar Delta m(32)(2)vertical bar > 0 (vertical bar Delta m(32)(2)vertical bar <0), a best- fit value of sin2 theta(2)(13) = 0.140(- 0.032)(+0.038) (0.170(-0.037)(+0.045)) is obtained at delta(CP) = 0. When combining the result with the current best knowledge of oscillation parameters including the world average value of theta(13) from reactor experiments, some values of delta(CP) are disfavored at the 90% C. L.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide guidelines which can assist medical, radiation and surgical oncologists in the practical management of this unusual cancer, which is strongly associated with human papilloma virus (HPV, types 16-18) infection.
Abstract: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is a rare cancer but its incidence is increasing throughout the world, and is particularly high in the human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) population. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory (involving radiation therapists, medical oncologists, surgeons, radiologists and pathologists). SCCA usually spreads in a loco-regional manner within and outside the anal canal. Lymph node involvement at diagnosis is observed in 30%–40% of cases while systemic spread is uncommon with distant extrapelvic metastases recorded in 5%–8% at onset, and rates of metastatic progression after primary treatment between 10 and 20%. SCCA is strongly associated with human papilloma virus (HPV, types 16–18) infection. The primary aim of treatment is to achieve cure with loco-regional control and preservation of anal function, with the best possible quality of life. Treatment dramatically differs from adenocarcinomas of the lower rectum. Combinations of 5FU-based chemoradiation and other cytotoxic agents (mitomycin C) have been established as the standard of care, leading to complete tumour regression in 80%–90% of patients with locoregional failures in the region of 15%. There is an accepted role for surgical salvage. Assessment and treatment should be carried out in specialised centres treating a high number of patients as early as possible in the clinical diagnosis. To date, the limited evidence from only 6 randomised trials [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] , the rarity of the cancer, and the different behaviour/natural history depending on the predominant site of origin, (the anal margin, anal canal or above the dentate line) provide scanty direction for any individual oncologist. Here we aim to provide guidelines which can assist medical, radiation and surgical oncologists in the practical management of this unusual cancer.
TL;DR: This work reports the first, to their knowledge, high-resolution taxonomic and protein functional characterization of the ancient oral microbiome and demonstrates that the oral cavity has long served as a reservoir for bacteria implicated in both local and systemic disease.
Abstract: Calcified dental plaque (dental calculus) preserves for millennia and entraps biomolecules from all domains of life and viruses. We report the first, to our knowledge, high-resolution taxonomic and protein functional characterization of the ancient oral microbiome and demonstrate that the oral cavity has long served as a reservoir for bacteria implicated in both local and systemic disease. We characterize (i) the ancient oral microbiome in a diseased state, (ii) 40 opportunistic pathogens, (iii) ancient human-associated putative antibiotic resistance genes, (iv) a genome reconstruction of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia, (v) 239 bacterial and 43 human proteins, allowing confirmation of a long-term association between host immune factors, 'red complex' pathogens and periodontal disease, and (vi) DNA sequences matching dietary sources. Directly datable and nearly ubiquitous, dental calculus permits the simultaneous investigation of pathogen activity, host immunity and diet, thereby extending direct investigation of common diseases into the human evolutionary past.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a search for a dark photon in the reaction e^{+}e^{-}→γA^{'], A^{'}→e''+''e''-e''−γA''−E''−μ'' −μ'' -E'' −γA''.
Abstract: Dark sectors charged under a new Abelian interaction have recently received much attention in the context of dark matter models. These models introduce a light new mediator, the so-called dark photon (A^{'}), connecting the dark sector to the standard model. We present a search for a dark photon in the reaction e^{+}e^{-}→γA^{'}, A^{'}→e^{+}e^{-}, μ^{+}μ^{-} using 514 fb^{-1} of data collected with the BABAR detector. We observe no statistically significant deviations from the standard model predictions, and we set 90% confidence level upper limits on the mixing strength between the photon and dark photon at the level of 10^{-4}-10^{-3} for dark photon masses in the range 0.02-10.2 GeV. We further constrain the range of the parameter space favored by interpretations of the discrepancy between the calculated and measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon.
Technische Universität München1, Novosibirsk State University2, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research3, University of Kentucky4, Fermilab5, Washington University in St. Louis6, University of Graz7, University of Vienna8, University of Maryland, College Park9, Max Planck Society10, Vienna University of Technology11, Hampton University12, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility13, University of Bonn14, University of Washington15, Complutense University of Madrid16, University of Mainz17, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology18, University of Groningen19, University of Paris-Sud20, Indiana University21, University of California, Davis22, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory23, University of Helsinki24, University of Virginia25, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare26, Forschungszentrum Jülich27, University of Bern28, Warsaw University of Technology29, CERN30, Kent State University31, Utrecht University32, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI33, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory34, University of Valencia35, University of Granada36, Brookhaven National Laboratory37, Stony Brook University38, University of Naples Federico II39, University of Santiago de Compostela40, Ruhr University Bochum41, Far Eastern Federal University42
TL;DR: In this paper, the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment, are highlighted, highlighting how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.
Abstract: We highlight the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment. We discuss how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We also discuss how success in describing the strong interaction impacts other fields, and, in turn, how such subjects can impact studies of the strong interaction. In the course of the work we offer a perspective on the many research streams which flow into and out of QCD, as well as a vision for future developments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of ash on the burned ecosystem, especially when transported by wind or water, and investigated its control on water and soil losses at slope and catchment scales, and examined its role in the C cycle.
TL;DR: In this article, a model for C-to-C coupling of two pseudoradical centers generated at the most significant atoms of the reacting molecules was proposed, based on the topological analysis of the changes in electron density throughout a reaction.
Abstract: ELF topological analyses of bonding changes in non-polar, polar and ionic organic reactions involving the participation of CC(X) double bonds make it possible to establish a unified model for C–C bond formation. This model is characterised by a C-to-C coupling of two pseudoradical centers generated at the most significant atoms of the reacting molecules. The global electron density transfer process that takes place along polar and ionic reactions favours the creation of these pseudoradical centers at the most nucleophilic/electrophilic centers of the reacting molecules, decreasing activation energies. The proposed reactivity model based on the topological analysis of the changes in electron density throughout a reaction makes it possible to reject the frontier molecular orbital reactivity model based on the analysis of molecular orbitals.
TL;DR: The physics of the SLAC and KEK B Factories are described in this paper, with a brief description of the detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues.
Abstract: This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C.
TL;DR: The occurrence at trace levels of several PPCPs in drinking water raises concerns about possible implications for human health.
TL;DR: These results show a sustained benefit in event-free survival from trastuzumab-containing neoadjuvant therapy followed by adjuvant trastzumab in patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer, and provide new insight into the association between pathological complete remission and long-term outcomes in HER2-positive disease.
Abstract: Summary Background In our randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial NeOAdjuvant Herceptin (NOAH) trial in women with HER2-positive locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer, neoadjuvant trastuzumab significantly improved pathological complete response rate and event-free survival. We report updated results from our primary analysis to establish the long-term benefit of trastuzumab-containing neoadjuvant therapy. Methods We did this multicentre, open-label, randomised trial in women with HER2-positive locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), by computer program with a minimisation technique, to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone or with 1 year of trastuzumab (concurrently with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and continued after surgery). A parallel group with HER2-negative disease was included and received neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone. Our primary endpoint was event-free survival. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered at www.controlled-trials.com, ISRCTN86043495. Findings Between June 20, 2002, and Dec 12, 2005, we enrolled 235 patients with HER2-positive disease, of whom 118 received chemotherapy alone and 117 received chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. 99 additional patients with HER2-negative disease were included in the parallel cohort. After a median follow-up of 5·4 years (IQR 3·1–6·8) the event-free-survival benefit from the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy was maintained in patients with HER2-positive disease. 5 year event-free survival was 58% (95% CI 48–66) in patients in the trastuzumab group and 43% (34–52) in those in the chemotherapy group; the unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for event-free survival between the two randomised HER2-positive treatment groups was 0·64 (95% CI 0·44–0·93; two-sided log-rank p=0·016). Event-free survival was strongly associated with pathological complete remission in patients given trastuzumab. Of the 68 patients with a pathological complete response (45 with trastuzumab and 23 with chemotherapy alone), the HR for event-free survival between those with and without trastuzumab was 0·29 (95% CI 0·11–0·78). During follow-up only four cardiovascular adverse events were regarded by the investigator to be drug-related (grade 2 lymphostasis and grade 2 lymphoedema, each in one patient in the trastuzumab group, and grade 2 thrombosis and grade 2 deep vein thrombosis, each in one patient in the chemotherapy-alone group). Interpretation These results show a sustained benefit in event-free survival from trastuzumab-containing neoadjuvant therapy followed by adjuvant trastuzumab in patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer, and provide new insight into the association between pathological complete remission and long-term outcomes in HER2-positive disease. Funding F Hoffmann-La Roche.
TL;DR: Flexible perovskite based solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 7% have been prepared on PET based conductive substrates as discussed by the authors, demonstrating their suitability for roll to roll processing.
Abstract: Flexible perovskite based solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 7% have been prepared on PET based conductive substrates. Extended bending of the devices does not deteriorate their performance demonstrating their suitability for roll to roll processing.