Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic
Gail Davies,Albert Tenesa,Albert Tenesa,Antony Payton,Jian Yang,Sarah E. Harris,D. C. Liewald,Xiayi Ke,S. Le Hellard,Andrea Christoforou,Michelle Luciano,Kevin A. McGhee,Lorna M. Lopez,Alan J. Gow,Janie Corley,Paul Redmond,Helen C. Fox,Paul Haggarty,Lawrence J. Whalley,Geraldine McNeill,Michael E. Goddard,Thomas Espeseth,Astri J. Lundervold,Ivar Reinvang,Andrew Pickles,Vidar M. Steen,Vidar M. Steen,William E R Ollier,David J. Porteous,Michael A. Horan,John M. Starr,Neil Pendleton,Peter M. Visscher,Peter M. Visscher,Ian J. Deary +34 more
TLDR
A genome-wide analysis of unrelated adults with data on single nucleotide polymorphisms and detailed phenotypes on cognitive traits unequivocally confirms that a substantial proportion of individual differences in human intelligence is due to genetic variation, and is consistent with many genes of small effects underlying the additive genetic influences on intelligence.Abstract:
General intelligence is an important human quantitative trait that accounts for much of the variation in diverse cognitive abilities. Individual differences in intelligence are strongly associated with many important life outcomes, including educational and occupational attainments, income, health and lifespan. Data from twin and family studies are consistent with a high heritability of intelligence, but this inference has been controversial. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of 3511 unrelated adults with data on 549692 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and detailed phenotypes on cognitive traits. We estimate that 40% of the variation in crystallized-type intelligence and 51% of the variation in fluid-type intelligence between individuals is accounted for by linkage disequilibrium between genotyped common SNP markers and unknown causal variants. These estimates provide lower bounds for the narrow-sense heritability of the traits. We partitioned genetic variation on individual chromosomes and found that, on average, longer chromosomes explain more variation. Finally, using just SNP data we predicted B1% of the variance of crystallized and fluid cognitive phenotypes in an independent sample (P=0.009 and 0.028, respectively). Our results unequivocally confirm that a substantial proportion of individual differences in human intelligence is due to genetic variation, and are consistent with many genes of small effects underlying the additive genetic influences on intelligence. Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 9 August 2011; doi:10.1038/mp.2011.85read more
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The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data
Paul M. Thompson,Jason L. Stein,Sarah E. Medland,Derrek P. Hibar,Alejandro Arias Vasquez,Miguel E. Rentería,Roberto Toro,Neda Jahanshad,Gunter Schumann,Barbara Franke,Margaret J. Wright,Nicholas G. Martin,Ingrid Agartz,Ingrid Agartz,Martin Alda,Saud Alhusaini,Saud Alhusaini,Laura Almasy,Jorge R. C. Almeida,Jorge R. C. Almeida,Jorge R. C. Almeida,Kathryn I. Alpert,Nancy C. Andreasen,Ole A. Andreassen,Liana G. Apostolova,Katja Appel,Nicola J. Armstrong,Benjamin S. Aribisala,Mark E. Bastin,Michael Bauer,Carrie E. Bearden,Ørjan Bergmann,Elisabeth B. Binder,John Blangero,HJ Bockholt,Erlend Bøen,Catherine Bois,Dorret I. Boomsma,Tom Booth,Ian Bowman,Janita Bralten,Rachel M. Brouwer,Han G. Brunner,David G. Brohawn,Randy L. Buckner,Jan K. Buitelaar,Kazima B. Bulayeva,Juan R. Bustillo,Vince D. Calhoun,Vince D. Calhoun,Dara M. Cannon,Rita M. Cantor,Melanie A. Carless,Xavier Caseras,Gianpiero L. Cavalleri,M. Mallar Chakravarty,Kiki D. Chang,Christopher R.K. Ching,Andrea Christoforou,Andrea Christoforou,Sven Cichon,Sven Cichon,Vincent P. Clark,Patricia J. Conrod,Patricia J. Conrod,Giovanni Coppola,Benedicto Crespo-Facorro,Joanne E. Curran,Michael Czisch,Ian J. Deary,Eco J. C. de Geus,Anouk den Braber,G. Delvecchio,Chantal Depondt,Lieuwe de Haan,Lieuwe de Haan,Greig I. de Zubicaray,Danai Dima,Rali Dimitrova,Srdjan Djurovic,Hong-Wei Dong,Gary Donohoe,Gary Donohoe,Ravindranath Duggirala,Thomas D. Dyer,Stefan Ehrlich,Stefan Ehrlich,Carl Johan Ekman,Torbjørn Elvsåshagen,Louise Emsell,Susanne Erk,Thomas Espeseth,Jesen Fagerness,Scott C. Fears,Iryna O. Fedko,Guillén Fernández,Simon E. Fisher,Simon E. Fisher,Tatiana Foroud,Peter T. Fox,Clyde Francks,Clyde Francks,Sophia Frangou,Eva Maria Frey,Thomas Frodl,Thomas Frodl,Vincent Frouin,Hugh Garavan,Sudheer Giddaluru,David C. Glahn,Beata R. Godlewska,Rita Z. Goldstein,Randy L. Gollub,Hans J. Grabe,Oliver Grimm,Oliver Gruber,Tulio Guadalupe,Raquel E. Gur,Ruben C. Gur,Ruben C. Gur,Harald H H Göring,Saskia P. Hagenaars,Tomas Hajek,Geoffrey B. Hall,Jeremy Hall,Jeremy Hall,John Hardy,Catharina A. Hartman,Johanna Hass,Sean N. Hatton,Unn K. Haukvik,K Hegenscheid,Andreas Heinz,Ian B. Hickie,Beng-Choon Ho,D. Hoehn,Pieter J. Hoekstra,Marisa O. Hollinshead,Avram J. Holmes,Georg Homuth,Martine Hoogman,L. Elliot Hong,Norbert Hosten,Jouke-Jan Hottenga,Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol,Kristy S. Hwang,Clifford R. Jack,Mark Jenkinson,Caroline Johnston,Caroline Johnston,Erik G. Jönsson,René S. Kahn,Dalia Kasperaviciute,Sinead Kelly,Sungeun Kim,Peter Kochunov,Laura Koenders,Laura Koenders,Bernd Krämer,John B.J. Kwok,John B.J. Kwok,Jim Lagopoulos,Gonzalo Laje,Mikael Landén,Mikael Landén,Bennett A. Landman,John Lauriello,Stephen M. Lawrie,Phil Lee,Phil Lee,Stephanie Le Hellard,Stephanie Le Hellard,Herve Lemaitre,Cassandra D. Leonardo,Chiang shan Li,Benny Liberg,David C. Liewald,Xinmin Liu,Xinmin Liu,Lorna M. Lopez,Eva Loth,Anbarasu Lourdusamy,Michelle Luciano,Fabio Macciardi,Fabio Macciardi,Marise W. J. Machielsen,Marise W. J. Machielsen,Glenda MacQueen,Ulrik Fredrik Malt,René C.W. Mandl,Dara S. Manoach,Jean-Luc Martinot,Mar Matarin,Karen A. Mather,Manuel Mattheisen,Manuel Mattheisen,Morten Mattingsdal,Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg,Colm McDonald,Andrew M. McIntosh,Francis J. McMahon,Katie L. McMahon,Eva M. Meisenzahl,Ingrid Melle,Yuri Milaneschi,Yuri Milaneschi,Sebastian Mohnke,Grant W. Montgomery,Derek W. Morris,Eric K. Moses,Eric K. Moses,Bryon A. Mueller,Susana Muñoz Maniega,Thomas W. Mühleisen,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Benson Mwangi,Matthias Nauck,Kwangsik Nho,Thomas E. Nichols,Lars-Göran Nilsson,Lars-Göran Nilsson,Allison C. Nugent,Lars Nyberg,Rene L. Olvera,Jaap Oosterlaan,Roel A. Ophoff,Roel A. Ophoff,Massimo Pandolfo,Melina Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou,Martina Papmeyer,Tomáš Paus,Zdenka Pausova,Godfrey D. Pearlson,Godfrey D. Pearlson,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Charles P. 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