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Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

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TLDR
The need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization is underscored, as distinctive features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood.
Abstract
Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ among human populations, here we characterize bacterial species in fecal samples from 531 individuals, plus the gene content of 110 of them. The cohort encompassed healthy children and adults from the Amazonas of Venezuela, rural Malawi and US metropolitan areas and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between US residents and those in the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. Our findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations and the impact of westernization.

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Nutritional psychiatry research: an emerging discipline and its intersection with global urbanization, environmental challenges and the evolutionary mismatch

TL;DR: The results of emerging studies demonstrate the importance of prenatal and early childhood dietary practices within the developmental origins of health and disease concept and explore some aspects of a potential evolutionary mismatch between the authors' ancestral past (Paleolithic, Neolithic) and the contemporary nutritional environment.
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Effect of body mass and clothing on decomposition of pig carcasses

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Feeding the brain and nurturing the mind: Linking nutrition and the gut microbiota to brain development

TL;DR: It is proposed that brain development needs to be viewed in the context of the developmental biology of this “microbial organ” and its capacity to metabolize the various diets the authors consume and that understanding the interrelationships between microbiota and brain metabolism in childhood undernutrition could provide insights about responses to injury seen in adults.
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Microbiota Signaling Pathways that Influence Neurologic Disease

TL;DR: This review will discuss immune, endocrine, and neural system pathways that interconnect the gut microbiota to central nervous system and discuss how these findings might be applied to neurologic disease.
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Modulation of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome with Nondigestible Fermentable Carbohydrates To Improve Human Health.

TL;DR: The potential of supplementing the human diet with nondigestible fermentable carbohydrates (NDFCs) to modulate the composition, structure, diversity, and metabolic potential of the GI microbiome in an attempt to prevent or treat human disease is discussed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

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