Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations
Brenna M. Henn,Laura R. Botigué,Simon-Pierre Gravel,Wei-wei Wang,Abra Brisbin,Jake K. Byrnes,Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid,Pierre Zalloua,Andrés Moreno-Estrada,Jaume Bertranpetit,Carlos Bustamante,David Comas +11 more
TLDR
The genomes of seven North African populations reveal an extraordinarily complex history of migrations, involving at least five ancestral populations, into North Africa, and a gradient of likely autochthonous Maghrebi ancestry that increases from east to west across northern Africa.Abstract:
North African populations are distinct from sub-Saharan Africans based on cultural, linguistic, and phenotypic attributes; however, the time and the extent of genetic divergence between populations north and south of the Sahara remain poorly understood. Here, we interrogate the multilayered history of North Africa by characterizing the effect of hypothesized migrations from the Near East, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa on current genetic diversity. We present dense, genome-wide SNP genotyping array data (730,000 sites) from seven North African populations, spanning from Egypt to Morocco, and one Spanish population. We identify a gradient of likely autochthonous Maghrebi ancestry that increases from east to west across northern Africa; this ancestry is likely derived from “back-to-Africa” gene flow more than 12,000 years ago (ya), prior to the Holocene. The indigenous North African ancestry is more frequent in populations with historical Berber ethnicity. In most North African populations we also see substantial shared ancestry with the Near East, and to a lesser extent sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. To estimate the time of migration from sub-Saharan populations into North Africa, we implement a maximum likelihood dating method based on the distribution of migrant tracts. In order to first identify migrant tracts, we assign local ancestry to haplotypes using a novel, principal component-based analysis of three ancestral populations. We estimate that a migration of western African origin into Morocco began about 40 generations ago (approximately 1,200 ya); a migration of individuals with Nilotic ancestry into Egypt occurred about 25 generations ago (approximately 750 ya). Our genomic data reveal an extraordinarily complex history of migrations, involving at least five ancestral populations, into North Africa.read more
Citations
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Inference of Population Splits and Mixtures from Genome-Wide Allele Frequency Data
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Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East
Iosif Lazaridis,Dani Nadel,Gary O. Rollefson,Deborah C. Merrett,Nadin Rohland,Swapan Mallick,Swapan Mallick,Daniel Fernandes,Daniel Fernandes,Mario Novak,Beatriz Gamarra,Kendra Sirak,Kendra Sirak,Sarah Connell,Kristin Stewardson,Eadaoin Harney,Qiaomei Fu,Gloria Gonzalez-Fortes,Eppie R. Jones,Songül Alpaslan Roodenberg,György Lengyel,Fanny Bocquentin,Boris Gasparian,Janet Monge,Michael Gregg,Vered Eshed,Ahuva Sivan Mizrahi,Christopher Meiklejohn,Fokke Gerritsen,Luminita Bejenaru,Matthias Blüher,Archie Campbell,Gianpiero L. Cavalleri,David Comas,Philippe Froguel,Edmund Gilbert,Shona M. Kerr,Peter Kovacs,Johannes Krause,Darren McGettigan,Michael Merrigan,D. Andrew Merriwether,Seamus O’Reilly,Martin B. Richards,Ornella Semino,Michel Shamoon-Pour,Gheorghe Stefanescu,Michael Stumvoll,Anke Tönjes,Antonio Torroni,James F. Wilson,Loic Yengo,Nelli Hovhannisyan,Nick Patterson,Ron Pinhasi,David Reich,David Reich +56 more
TL;DR: This paper reported genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400 bc, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers, showing that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a 'Basal Eurasian' lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other.
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The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
Andrés Moreno-Estrada,Christopher R. Gignoux,Juan Carlos Fernández-López,Fouad Zakharia,Martin Sikora,Alejandra V. Contreras,Victor Acuña-Alonzo,Karla Sandoval,Celeste Eng,Sandra Romero-Hidalgo,Patricia Ortiz-Tello,Victoria Robles,Eimear E. Kenny,Ismael Nuño-Arana,Rodrigo Barquera-Lozano,Gastón Macín-Pérez,Julio Granados-Arriola,Scott Huntsman,Joshua Galanter,Marc Via,Jean G. Ford,Rocio Chapela,William Rodriguez-Cintron,J.R. Rodriguez-Santana,Isabelle Romieu,Juan José Luis Sienra-Monge,Blanca E. del Rio Navarro,Stephanie J. London,Andres Ruiz-Linares,Rodrigo García-Herrera,Karol Estrada,Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda,Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez,Alessandra Carnevale,Xavier Soberón,Samuel Canizales-Quinteros,Héctor Rangel-Villalobos,Irma Silva-Zolezzi,Esteban G. Burchard,Carlos Bustamante +39 more
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