University of Hawaii at Manoa

About: University of Hawaii at Manoa is a education organization based out in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13693 authors who have published 25161 publications receiving 1023924 citations.

Transport and Fate of Microbial Pathogens in Agricultural Settings

Abstract: An understanding of the transport and survival of microbial pathogens (pathogens hereafter) in agricultural settings is needed to assess the risk of pathogen contamination to water and food resources, and to develop control strategies and treatment options. However, many knowledge gaps still remain in predicting the fate and transport of pathogens in runoff water, and then through the shallow vadose zone and groundwater. A number of transport pathways, processes, factors, and mathematical models often are needed to describe pathogen fate in agricultural settings. The level of complexity is dramatically enhanced by soil heterogeneity, as well as by temporal variability in temperature, water inputs, and pathogen sources. There is substantial variability in pathogen migration pathways, leading to changes in the dominant processes that control pathogen transport over different spatial and temporal scales. For example, intense rainfall events can generate runoff and preferential flow that can rapidly transport...

An explicit simulation of tropical cyclones with a triply nested movable mesh primitive equation model: TCM3. Part I: Model description and control experiment

Abstract: Results from an explicit simulation of tropical cyclones are presented in this study. The numerical model used in the study is the triply nested movable mesh primitive equation model newly developed by the author. It uses the hydrostatic primitive equations with explicit treatment of cloud microphysics. The integration domain is triply nested by a two-way nesting strategy with the two interior meshes being movable following the model tropical cyclone. The model physics are chosen based on the up-to-date developments, including an E-e closure scheme for subgrid-scale vertical turbulent mixing [with E being the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and e the TKE dissipation rate]; a modified Monin‐Obukhov scheme for the surface flux calculation, with an option to include the effect of sea spray evaporation; an explicit treatment of mixed-ice phase cloud microphysics; and dissipative heating, which has been found to be important in tropical cyclones. New developments include a new iteration scheme to solve the nonlinear balance equation in s coordinates in the nested-mesh grids, which is used for model initialization; an initialization scheme for both TKE and its dissipation rate fields based on a level-2 turbulence closure scheme deduced from the TKE and its dissipation rate equations; and a modified formula for the timescale that determines the rate at which cloud ice converts to snow via the Bergeron process. The success of the multiply nested movable mesh approach and the conservative property of the numerical model is first tested with an experiment in which the model was initialized with an axisymmetric cyclonic vortex embedded in a uniform easterly flow of 5 ms 21 on an f plane, but with no model physics. Results from a control experiment with the full model physics are then discussed in detail to demonstrate the capability of the model in simulating many aspects of the tropical cyclone, especially the inner core structure and both the inner and outer spiral rainbands in the cyclone circulation. The vortex Rossby waves in the simulated tropical cyclone core region are also identified and analyzed. Sensitivity of the model results to various model physics and major physical parameters will be given in a companion paper.

Interannual-to-Decadal Variability in the Bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current off the Philippines

Abstract: Satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) data from the past 17 yr are used to investigate the interannual-to-decadal changes in the bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) along the Philippine coast. The NEC bifurcation latitude migrated quasi decadally between 10° and 15°N with northerly bifurcations observed in late 1992, 1997–98, and 2003–04 and southerly bifurcations in 1999–2000 and 2008–09. The observed NEC bifurcation latitude can be approximated well by the SSH anomalies in the 12°–14°N and 127°–130°E box east of the mean NEC bifurcation point. Using a 1 ½-layer reduced-gravity model forced by the ECMWF reanalysis wind stress data, the authors find that the SSH anomalies in this box can be simulated favorably to serve as a proxy for the observed NEC bifurcation. With the availability of the long-term reanalysis wind stress data, this helps to lengthen the NEC bifurcation time series back to 1962. Although quasi-decadal variability was prominent in the last two decades, the N...

Risk of Hospitalized Stroke in Men Enrolled in the Honolulu Heart Program and the Framingham Study A Comparison of Incidence and Risk Factor Effects

Abstract: Background and Purpose— Risk of death due to stroke in Japan is more than double the risk in the United States. It remains unknown why some ethnic groups are more prone to stroke than others. Our purpose was to compare the 20-year incidence of hospitalized stroke between Japanese-American men in the Honolulu Heart Program and white men in the Framingham Study. Methods— This was a 20-year follow-up study beginning around 1965, a population-based study on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, and in Framingham, Mass. Participants were 7589 men in Honolulu and 1216 men in Framingham without prevalent coronary heart disease and stroke. Subjects were 45 to 68 years old when follow-up began. Main outcome measures were incident thromboembolic and hemorrhagic stroke. Results— Framingham men had a 40% excess of thromboembolic stroke compared with Honolulu men after adjustment for age and other risk factors (62/1000 versus 45/1000, respectively, P<0.001), whereas incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was nearly identical (14.8/100...

Association of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites with risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective investigation in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII cohorts.

Abstract: Background: Prospective evidence regarding associations for exposures to bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lacking.Objective: We prospectively examined urinary concentr...