University of Hawaii at Manoa

About: University of Hawaii at Manoa is a education organization based out in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13693 authors who have published 25161 publications receiving 1023924 citations.

Individual and Combined Influences of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Indian Summer Monsoon

Abstract: The relative influences of the ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events on the Indian summer rainfall were studied using observational data and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The composite analysis of rainfall anomalies demonstrates that the IOD, while significantly influencing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, also significantly reduces the impact of ENSO on the Indian summer rainfall whenever these events with the same phase co-occur. The AGCM experiments have shown that during an El Nino event, the Walker circulation over the tropical Indo-Pacific region is modulated; a low-level anomalous divergence center over the western Pacific and an anomalous convergence zone over the equatorial Indian Ocean are induced. Furthermore, an anomalous zone of convergence over the Myanmar and south China regions is induced during an El Nino event. These zones of anomalous convergence are complemented by anomalous divergence over the Indian region, causing anomalous subsidence and weakened rainfall. When a strong positive IOD event simultaneously occurs with El Nino, the latter's influence on the Indian monsoon is reduced by both poles of the IOD through the following mechanism: an anomalous divergence center, as compared to the summers when an El Nino alone occurs, is introduced in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. From this center, the anomalous divergent flow crosses the equator, and this air, while weakening the El Nino-induced divergence over the western Pacific, also leads to convergence over the Indian monsoon region. This results in the reduction of the ENSO-induced subsidence and the related rainfall deficit over the eastern flank of the Indian monsoon trough region and adjoining regions to the east. On the other hand, over the western part of the tropical Indian Ocean sector, part of the anomalous ascending motion from the warm pole of the positive IOD event subsides just to the north of the equator, moves northward, ascends, and causes surplus rainfall. This reduces the ENSO-induced rainfall deficit over western India, the western part of the monsoon trough, and parts of Pakistan. The AGCM experiments also demonstrate that positive IOD events amplify the ENSO-induced dryness over the Indonesian region.

Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models

Abstract: . We evaluate black carbon (BC) model predictions from the AeroCom model intercomparison project by considering the diversity among year 2000 model simulations and comparing model predictions with available measurements. These model-measurement intercomparisons include BC surface and aircraft concentrations, aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) retrievals from AERONET and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and BC column estimations based on AERONET. In regions other than Asia, most models are biased high compared to surface concentration measurements. However compared with (column) AAOD or BC burden retreivals, the models are generally biased low. The average ratio of model to retrieved AAOD is less than 0.7 in South American and 0.6 in African biomass burning regions; both of these regions lack surface concentration measurements. In Asia the average model to observed ratio is 0.7 for AAOD and 0.5 for BC surface concentrations. Compared with aircraft measurements over the Americas at latitudes between 0 and 50N, the average model is a factor of 8 larger than observed, and most models exceed the measured BC standard deviation in the mid to upper troposphere. At higher latitudes the average model to aircraft BC ratio is 0.4 and models underestimate the observed BC loading in the lower and middle troposphere associated with springtime Arctic haze. Low model bias for AAOD but overestimation of surface and upper atmospheric BC concentrations at lower latitudes suggests that most models are underestimating BC absorption and should improve estimates for refractive index, particle size, and optical effects of BC coating. Retrieval uncertainties and/or differences with model diagnostic treatment may also contribute to the model-measurement disparity. Largest AeroCom model diversity occurred in northern Eurasia and the remote Arctic, regions influenced by anthropogenic sources. Changing emissions, aging, removal, or optical properties within a single model generated a smaller change in model predictions than the range represented by the full set of AeroCom models. Upper tropospheric concentrations of BC mass from the aircraft measurements are suggested to provide a unique new benchmark to test scavenging and vertical dispersion of BC in global models.

Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers

Abstract: According to cultural stereotypes, men are more eager for sex than are women; women are more likely to set limits on such activity. In this paper, we review the work of theorists who have argued in favor of this proposition and review the interview and correlational data which support this contention. Finally, we report two experimental tests of ihis hypothesis. In these experiments, conducted in 1978 and 1982, male and female confederates of average attractiveness approached potential partners with one of three requests: "Would you go out tonight?" "Will you come over to my apartment?" or "Would you go to bed with me?" The great majority of men were willing to have a sexual liaison with the women who approached them. Women were not. Not one woman agreed to a sexual liaison. Many possible reasons for this marked gender difference were discussed. These studies were run in 1978 and 1982. It has since become important to track how the threat of AIDS is affecting men and women's willingness to date, come to a...

Probing protein heterogeneity in the plasma membrane using PALM and pair correlation analysis

Abstract: Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) is a powerful approach for investigating protein organization, yet tools for quantitative, spatial analysis of PALM datasets are largely missing. Combining pair-correlation analysis with PALM (PC-PALM), we provide a method to analyze complex patterns of protein organization across the plasma membrane without determination of absolute protein numbers. The approach uses an algorithm to distinguish a single protein with multiple appearances from clusters of proteins. This enables quantification of different parameters of spatial organization, including the presence of protein clusters, their size, density and abundance in the plasma membrane. Using this method, we demonstrate distinct nanoscale organization of plasma-membrane proteins with different membrane anchoring and lipid partitioning characteristics in COS-7 cells, and show dramatic changes in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein arrangement under varying perturbations. PC-PALM is thus an effective tool with broad applicability for analysis of protein heterogeneity and function, adaptable to other single-molecule strategies.