Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 2016"
University of California, San Diego1, University of Montana2, Stanford University3, Scripps Institution of Oceanography4, National Autonomous University of Mexico5, Salk Institute for Biological Studies6, San Diego State University7, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences8, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory9, Harvard University10, University of Rennes11, University of Minnesota12, University of Lorraine13, Technical University of Denmark14, University of California, Los Angeles15, J. Craig Venter Institute16, University of Washington17, ETH Zurich18, University of Illinois at Chicago19, National Sun Yat-sen University20, Academia Sinica21, University of Münster22, Victoria University of Wellington23, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill24, Indiana University25, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute26, University of São Paulo27, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul28, University of Notre Dame29, University of California, Santa Cruz30, Oregon State University31, University of California, Berkeley32, Florida International University33, University of Hawaii at Manoa34, University of Geneva35, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles36, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory37, National Institutes of Health38, Chinese Academy of Sciences39
TL;DR: In GNPS, crowdsourced curation of freely available community-wide reference MS libraries will underpin improved annotations and data-driven social-networking should facilitate identification of spectra and foster collaborations.
Abstract: The potential of the diverse chemistries present in natural products (NP) for biotechnology and medicine remains untapped because NP databases are not searchable with raw data and the NP community has no way to share data other than in published papers. Although mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are well-suited to high-throughput characterization of NP, there is a pressing need for an infrastructure to enable sharing and curation of data. We present Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS; http://gnps.ucsd.edu), an open-access knowledge base for community-wide organization and sharing of raw, processed or identified tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry data. In GNPS, crowdsourced curation of freely available community-wide reference MS libraries will underpin improved annotations. Data-driven social-networking should facilitate identification of spectra and foster collaborations. We also introduce the concept of 'living data' through continuous reanalysis of deposited data.
2,365 citations
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration1, University of Colorado Boulder2, Cornell University3, Georgia Institute of Technology4, National Center for Atmospheric Research5, Scripps Institution of Oceanography6, Hokkaido University7, University of Tokyo8, University of Hawaii at Manoa9, University of Wisconsin-Madison10
TL;DR: In this article, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is not a single phenomenon, but is instead the result of a combination of different physical processes, including remote tropical forcing and local North Pacific atmosphere-ocean interactions, which operate on different time scales to drive similar PDO-like SST anomaly patterns.
Abstract: The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research within the meteorological and climate dynamics communities and is central to the work of many geologists, ecologists, natural resource managers, and social scientists. Research over the last 15 years has led to an emerging consensus: the PDO is not a single phenomenon, but is instead the result of a combination of different physical processes, including both remote tropical forcing and local North Pacific atmosphere–ocean interactions, which operate on different time scales to drive similar PDO-like SST anomaly patterns. How these processes combine to generate the observed PDO evolution, including apparent regime shifts, is shown using simple autoregressive models of increasing spatial complexity. Simulations of recent climate in coupled GCMs are able to capture many aspects of the PDO, but do so based on a balance of ...
874 citations
University of Melbourne1, University of Otago2, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare3, University of Oslo4, Simon Fraser University5, University of Sydney6, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation7, Cayetano Heredia University8, University of Chile9, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico10, Umeå University11, Aga Khan University12, University of Southern Denmark13, Central University of Venezuela14, Prince of Songkla University15, Peking Union Medical College16, Tibet University17, International Institute for Population Sciences18, Indian Council of Medical Research19, University of Hawaii at Manoa20, University of Nigeria, Nsukka21, Mahidol University22
TL;DR: Taking into account the UN Sustainable Development Goals, this study recommends that national governments develop targeted policy responses to Indigenous health, improving access to health services, and Indigenous data within national surveillance systems.
649 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the social and legal conditions in which many transgender people (often called trans people) live, and the medical perspectives that frame the provision of health care for transgender people across much of the world.
623 citations
TL;DR: The myofibroblast is defined as a periostin-expressing cell type necessary for adaptive healing and fibrosis in the heart, which arises from Tcf21+ tissue-resident fibroblasts.
Abstract: The origin and fate of myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for cardiac remodelling and fibrosis, is controversial. Here the authors show that cardiac myofibroblasts express periostin, derive exclusively from tissue-resident fibroblasts, are necessary for scar formation after injury, and can revert back to a less-activated state upon injury resolution.
597 citations
TL;DR: The pvar package of programs, a set of programs to conveniently execute the model selection, estimation, and inference of homogeneous panel VAR models in a generalized method of moments framework, is presented.
Abstract: Panel vector autoregression (VAR) models have been increasingly used in applied research. While programs specifically designed to fit time-series VAR models are often included as standard features ...
498 citations
University of East Anglia1, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research2, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen3, University of Paris4, University of Exeter5, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences6, Earth System Research Laboratory7, University of Colorado Boulder8, Columbia University9, Cooperative Research Centre10, Hobart Corporation11, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory12, University of Miami13, University of Southampton14, Federal University of Pernambuco15, State Oceanic Administration16, University of Gothenburg17, University of Alaska Fairbanks18, Norwegian Polar Institute19, University of Perpignan20, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research21, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation22, University of Hawaii at Manoa23, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research24, University of New Hampshire25, Institut de recherche pour le développement26, Plymouth Marine Laboratory27, Oak Ridge National Laboratory28, University of the Aegean29, Max Planck Society30, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology31, United States Geological Survey32, Japan Meteorological Agency33, Leibniz Association34, World Meteorological Organization35, National University of Ireland, Galway36
TL;DR: This ESSD "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection.
Abstract: . The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770 . The gridded products are available here: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID .
408 citations
Nationwide Children's Hospital1, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center2, Primary Children's Hospital3, Detroit Medical Center4, Loyola University Medical Center5, University of California, San Diego6, Rhode Island Hospital7, University of Maryland, Baltimore8, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine9, Johns Hopkins University10, Children's Hospital Los Angeles11, University of Hawaii at Manoa12, The Queen's Medical Center13
TL;DR: The FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) Panel is a sensitive and specific test to aid in diagnosis of ME and improved patient outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship are anticipated.
Abstract: Rapid diagnosis and treatment of infectious meningitis and encephalitis are critical to minimize morbidity and mortality. Comprehensive testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) often includes Gram stain, culture, antigen detection, and molecular methods, paired with chemical and cellular analyses. These methods may lack sensitivity or specificity, can take several days, and require significant volume for complete analysis. The FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) Panel is a multiplexed in vitro diagnostic test for the simultaneous, rapid (∼1-h) detection of 14 pathogens directly from CSF specimens: Escherichia coli K1, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, human herpesvirus 6, human parechovirus, varicella-zoster virus, and Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii We describe a multicenter evaluation of 1,560 prospectively collected CSF specimens with performance compared to culture (bacterial analytes) and PCR (all other analytes). The FilmArray ME Panel demonstrated a sensitivity or positive percentage of agreement of 100% for 9 of 14 analytes. Enterovirus and human herpesvirus type 6 had agreements of 95.7% and 85.7%, and L. monocytogenes and N. meningitidis were not observed in the study. For S. agalactiae, there was a single false-positive and false-negative result each, for a sensitivity and specificity of 0 and 99.9%, respectively. The specificity or negative percentage of agreement was 99.2% or greater for all other analytes. The FilmArray ME Panel is a sensitive and specific test to aid in diagnosis of ME. With use of this comprehensive and rapid test, improved patient outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship are anticipated.
400 citations
TL;DR: The Piggyback-the-Winner model wherein temperate dynamics become increasingly important in ecosystems with high microbial densities is proposed; thus ‘more microbes, fewer viruses’ is proposed.
Abstract: Microbial viruses can control host abundances via density-dependent lytic predator-prey dynamics. Less clear is how temperate viruses, which coexist and replicate with their host, influence microbial communities. Here we show that virus-like particles are relatively less abundant at high host densities. This suggests suppressed lysis where established models predict lytic dynamics are favoured. Meta-analysis of published viral and microbial densities showed that this trend was widespread in diverse ecosystems ranging from soil to freshwater to human lungs. Experimental manipulations showed viral densities more consistent with temperate than lytic life cycles at increasing microbial abundance. An analysis of 24 coral reef viromes showed a relative increase in the abundance of hallmark genes encoded by temperate viruses with increased microbial abundance. Based on these four lines of evidence, we propose the Piggyback-the-Winner model wherein temperate dynamics become increasingly important in ecosystems with high microbial densities; thus 'more microbes, fewer viruses'.
388 citations
Deakin University1, University of Western Australia2, Australian Institute of Marine Science3, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology4, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science5, South Australian Research and Development Institute6, Bedford Institute of Oceanography7, Australian Research Council8, University of California, Santa Cruz9, Spanish National Research Council10, Oregon State University11, Australian Antarctic Division12, Murdoch University13, Macquarie University14, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration15, Florida International University16, James Cook University17, University of Hawaii at Manoa18, Alaska SeaLife Center19, University of California, San Diego20, California State University, Long Beach21, Aarhus University22, Natural Environment Research Council23, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science24, University of La Rochelle25, University of Tokyo26, San Jose State University27, University of Southampton28, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom29, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton30, National Institute of Polar Research31, University of Konstanz32, Max Planck Society33, National Park Service34
TL;DR: This exercise assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish, and shows that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates.
Abstract: It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and, as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology.
375 citations
James Cook University1, Dalhousie University2, Australian Institute of Marine Science3, Lancaster University4, Wildlife Conservation Society5, University of Queensland6, Macquarie University7, University of Montpellier8, Conservation International9, Stanford University10, University of Hawaii at Manoa11, University of Washington12, Institut de recherche pour le développement13, University of Nottingham14, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration15, University of Perpignan16, University of New Caledonia17, University of Tasmania18, University of California, San Diego19, The Nature Conservancy20, University of Western Australia21, University of California, Santa Barbara22, University of Puerto Rico23, University of Technology, Sydney24, Blue Ventures25, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology26, University of British Columbia27
TL;DR: This paper identified 15 bright spots and 35 dark spots among more than 2,500 reefs worldwide and developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to generate expectations of how standing stocks of reef fish biomass are related to 18 socioeconomic drivers and environmental conditions.
Abstract: Ongoing declines in the structure and function of the world’s coral reefs require novel approaches to sustain these ecosystems and the millions of people who depend on them3. A presently unexplored approach that draws on theory and practice in human health and rural development is to systematically identify and learn from the ‘outliers’—places where ecosystems are substantially better (‘bright spots’) or worse (‘dark spots’) than expected, given the environmental conditions and socioeconomic drivers they are exposed to. Here we compile data from more than 2,500 reefs worldwide and develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to generate expectations of how standing stocks of reef fish biomass are related to 18 socioeconomic drivers and environmental conditions. We identify 15 bright spots and 35 dark spots among our global survey of coral reefs, defined as sites that have biomass levels more than two standard deviations from expectations. Importantly, bright spots are not simply comprised of remote areas with low fishing pressure; they include localities where human populations and use of ecosystem resources is high, potentially providing insights into how communities have successfully confronted strong drivers of change. Conversely, dark spots are not necessarily the sites with the lowest absolute biomass and even include some remote, uninhabited locations often considered near pristine6. We surveyed local experts about social, institutional, and environmental conditions at these sites to reveal that bright spots are characterized by strong sociocultural institutions such as customary taboos and marine tenure, high levels of local engagement in management, high dependence on marine resources, and beneficial environmental conditions such as deep-water refuges. Alternatively, dark spots are characterized by intensive capture and storage technology and a recent history of environmental shocks. Our results suggest that investments in strengthening fisheries governance, particularly aspects such as participation and property rights, could facilitate innovative conservation actions that help communities defy expectations of global reef degradation.
TL;DR: To study the association between physicians' receipt of industry-sponsored meals, which account for roughly 80% of the total number of industry payments, and rates of prescribing the promoted drug to Medicare beneficiaries, industry payment data and Medicare prescribing records recently became publicly available.
Abstract: Importance The association between industry payments to physicians and prescribing rates of the brand-name medications that are being promoted is controversial. In the United States, industry payment data and Medicare prescribing records recently became publicly available. Objective To study the association between physicians’ receipt of industry-sponsored meals, which account for roughly 80% of the total number of industry payments, and rates of prescribing the promoted drug to Medicare beneficiaries. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional analysis of industry payment data from the federal Open Payments Program for August 1 through December 31, 2013, and prescribing data for individual physicians from Medicare Part D, for all of 2013. Participants were physicians who wrote Medicare prescriptions in any of 4 drug classes: statins, cardioselective β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ACE inhibitors and ARBs), and selective serotonin and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs and SNRIs). We identified physicians who received industry-sponsored meals promoting the most-prescribed brand-name drug in each class (rosuvastatin, nebivolol, olmesartan, and desvenlafaxine, respectively). Data analysis was performed from August 20, 2015, to December 15, 2015. Exposures Receipt of an industry-sponsored meal promoting the drug of interest. Main Outcomes and Measures Prescribing rates of promoted drugs compared with alternatives in the same class, after adjustment for physician prescribing volume, demographic characteristics, specialty, and practice setting. Results A total of 279 669 physicians received 63 524 payments associated with the 4 target drugs. Ninety-five percent of payments were meals, with a mean value of less than $20. Rosuvastatin represented 8.8% (SD, 9.9%) of statin prescriptions; nebivolol represented 3.3% (7.4%) of cardioselective β-blocker prescriptions; olmesartan represented 1.6% (3.9%) of ACE inhibitor and ARB prescriptions; and desvenlafaxine represented 0.6% (2.6%) of SSRI and SNRI prescriptions. Physicians who received a single meal promoting the drug of interest had higher rates of prescribing rosuvastatin over other statins (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.17-1.18), nebivolol over other β-blockers (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.69-1.72), olmesartan over other ACE inhibitors and ARBs (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.51-1.53), and desvenlafaxine over other SSRIs and SNRIs (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 2.13-2.23). Receipt of additional meals and receipt of meals costing more than $20 were associated with higher relative prescribing rates. Conclusions and Relevance Receipt of industry-sponsored meals was associated with an increased rate of prescribing the brand-name medication that was being promoted. The findings represent an association, not a cause-and-effect relationship.
Texas A&M University1, University of California, Davis2, Leiden University3, Swinburne University of Technology4, Australian Astronomical Observatory5, Space Telescope Science Institute6, Macquarie University7, Paris Diderot University8, University of Hawaii at Manoa9, Carnegie Learning10, University of Massachusetts Amherst11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore star formation histories (SFHs) of galaxies based on the evolution of the star formation rate stellar mass relation (SFR-M*), using data from the FourStar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE) in combination with far-IR imaging from the Spitzer and Herschel observatories.
Abstract: We explore star formation histories (SFHs) of galaxies based on the evolution of the star formation rate stellar mass relation (SFR – M*). Using data from the FourStar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE) in combination with far-IR imaging from the Spitzer and Herschel observatories we measure the SFR – M * relation at 0.5 < z < 4. Similar to recent works we find that the average infrared spectral energy distributions of galaxies are roughly consistent with a single infrared template across a broad range of redshifts and stellar masses, with evidence for only weak deviations. We find that the SFR–M *relation is not consistent with a single power law of the form SFR ∝ M *^α at any redshift; it has a power law slope of α ∼ 1 at low masses, and becomes shallower above a turnover mass (M 0) that ranges from 10 9.5 to 10 10.8 M ⊙, with evidence that M0 increases with redshift. We compare our measurements to results from state-of-the-art cosmological simulations, and find general agreement in the slope of the SFR–M * relation albeit with systematic offsets. We use the evolving SFR–M * sequence to generate SFHs, finding that typical SFRs of individual galaxies rise at early times and decline after reaching a peak. This peak occurs earlier for more massive galaxies. We integrate these SFHs to generate mass growth histories and compare to the implied mass growth from the evolution of the stellar mass function (SMF). We find that these two estimates are in broad qualitative agreement, but that there is room for improvement at a more detailed level. At early times the SFHs suggest mass growth rates that are as much as 10 times higher than inferred from the SMF. However, at later times the SFHs under-predict the inferred evolution, as is expected in the case of additional growth due to mergers.
TL;DR: A high-performance, cotton-textile-enabled asymmetric supercapacitor is integrated with a flexible solar cell via a scalable roll-to-roll manufacturing approach to fabricate a self-sustaining power pack, demonstrating its potential to continuously power future electronic devices.
Abstract: With rising energy concerns, efficient energy conversion and storage devices are required to provide a sustainable, green energy supply. Solar cells hold promise as energy conversion devices due to their utilization of readily accessible solar energy; however, the output of solar cells can be non-continuous and unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to combine solar cells with compatible energy storage devices to realize a stable power supply. To this end, supercapacitors, highly efficient energy storage devices, can be integrated with solar cells to mitigate the power fluctuations. Here, we report on the development of a solar cell-supercapacitor hybrid device as a solution to this energy requirement. A high-performance, cotton-textile-enabled asymmetric supercapacitor is integrated with a flexible solar cell via a scalable roll-to-roll manufacturing approach to fabricate a self-sustaining power pack, demonstrating its potential to continuously power future electronic devices.
University of Virginia1, University of California, Davis2, Miami University3, Montana State University4, Nova Southeastern University5, University of California, Riverside6, Pennsylvania State University7, Ashland University8, University of North Florida9, Virginia Commonwealth University10, Carleton University11, University of Hawaii at Manoa12, University of Florida13, Texas A&M University14, San Diego State University15, University of Southern Mississippi16, Pacific Lutheran University17, Bradley University18, Michigan State University19, University of Toronto20, Ithaca College21, Ohio State University22
TL;DR: This paper examined time of semester variation in 10 known effects, 10 individual differences, and 3 data quality indicators over the course of the academic semester in 20 participant pools and with an online sample.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare relative rates of carbon cycle and climate change at the event's onset and find that emissions were much slower than anthropogenic emissions during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.
Abstract: Carbon release rates during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are difficult to constrain. Comparing relative rates of carbon cycle and climate change at the event’s onset suggests emissions were much slower than anthropogenic emissions.
University of Pittsburgh1, Medical University of Graz2, Adria Airways3, University of Southampton4, John Hunter Hospital5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, University of Milan7, University of Verona8, University of Paris9, University of Colorado Denver10, Auckland City Hospital11, University of California, San Diego12, Harvard University13, State University of Campinas14, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram15, Tel Aviv University16, Canberra Hospital17, Erasmus University Rotterdam18, University of Arizona19, University of Washington20, Goethe University Frankfurt21, University of Florida22, Medical University Plovdiv23, University of Maryland, Baltimore24, United States Department of Homeland Security25, University of Western Australia26, University of Bologna27, Virginia Commonwealth University28, Rambam Health Care Campus29, University College London30
TL;DR: The algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality.
Abstract: Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of “high risk” patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.
TL;DR: TIGIT is identified as a novel marker of dysfunctional HIV-specific T cells and suggest TIGIT along with other checkpoint receptors may be novel curative HIV targets to reverse T cell exhaustion.
Abstract: HIV infection induces phenotypic and functional changes to CD8+ T cells defined by the coordinated upregulation of a series of negative checkpoint receptors that eventually result in T cell exhaustion and failure to control viral replication. We report that effector CD8+ T cells during HIV infection in blood and SIV infection in lymphoid tissue exhibit higher levels of the negative checkpoint receptor TIGIT. Increased frequencies of TIGIT+ and TIGIT+ PD-1+ CD8+ T cells correlated with parameters of HIV and SIV disease progression. TIGIT remained elevated despite viral suppression in those with either pharmacological antiretroviral control or immunologically in elite controllers. HIV and SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were dysfunctional and expressed high levels of TIGIT and PD-1. Ex-vivo single or combinational antibody blockade of TIGIT and/or PD-L1 restored viral-specific CD8+ T cell effector responses. The frequency of TIGIT+ CD4+ T cells correlated with the CD4+ T cell total HIV DNA. These findings identify TIGIT as a novel marker of dysfunctional HIV-specific T cells and suggest TIGIT along with other checkpoint receptors may be novel curative HIV targets to reverse T cell exhaustion.
TL;DR: In this article, pornography consumption was associated with sexual aggression in the United States and internationally, among males and females, and in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and the general pattern of results suggested that violent content may be an exacerbating factor.
Abstract: Whether pornography consumption is a reliable correlate of sexually aggressive behavior continues to be debated. Meta-analyses of experimental studies have found effects on aggressive behavior and attitudes. That pornography consumption correlates with aggressive attitudes in naturalistic studies has also been found. Yet, no meta-analysis has addressed the question motivating this body of work: Is pornography consumption correlated with committing actual acts of sexual aggression? 22 studies from 7 different countries were analyzed. Consumption was associated with sexual aggression in the United States and internationally, among males and females, and in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Associations were stronger for verbal than physical sexual aggression, although both were significant. The general pattern of results suggested that violent content may be an exacerbating factor.
TL;DR: Results from a numerical human dispersal model document that orbital-scale global climate swings played a key role in shaping Late Pleistocene global population distributions, whereas millennial-scale abrupt climate changes, associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger events, had a more limited regional effect.
Abstract: On the basis of fossil and archaeological data it has been hypothesized that the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Eurasia between ~50-120 thousand years ago occurred in several orbitally paced migration episodes. Crossing vegetated pluvial corridors from northeastern Africa into the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant and expanding further into Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, early H. sapiens experienced massive time-varying climate and sea level conditions on a variety of timescales. Hitherto it has remained difficult to quantify the effect of glacial- and millennial-scale climate variability on early human dispersal and evolution. Here we present results from a numerical human dispersal model, which is forced by spatiotemporal estimates of climate and sea level changes over the past 125 thousand years. The model simulates the overall dispersal of H. sapiens in close agreement with archaeological and fossil data and features prominent glacial migration waves across the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant region around 106-94, 89-73, 59-47 and 45-29 thousand years ago. The findings document that orbital-scale global climate swings played a key role in shaping Late Pleistocene global population distributions, whereas millennial-scale abrupt climate changes, associated with Dansgaard-Oeschger events, had a more limited regional effect.
TL;DR: The spectral behaviour across the snow-line confirms recent model predictions: dust fragmentation and the inhibition of grain growth at higher temperatures results in soaring grain number densities and optical depths, implying that highly dynamical water snow-lines must be considered when developing models of disk evolution and planet formation.
Abstract: A snow-line is the region of a protoplanetary disk at which a major volatile, such as water or carbon monoxide, reaches its condensation temperature. Snow-lines play a crucial role in disk evolution by promoting the rapid growth of ice-covered grains. Signatures of the carbon monoxide snow-line (at temperatures of around 20 kelvin) have recently been imaged in the disks surrounding the pre-main-sequence stars TW Hydra and HD163296 (refs 3, 10), at distances of about 30 astronomical units (au) from the star. But the water snow-line of a protoplanetary disk (at temperatures of more than 100 kelvin) has not hitherto been seen, as it generally lies very close to the star (less than 5 au away for solar-type stars). Water-ice is important because it regulates the efficiency of dust and planetesimal coagulation, and the formation of comets, ice giants and the cores of gas giants. Here we report images at 0.03-arcsec resolution (12 au) of the protoplanetary disk around V883 Ori, a protostar of 1.3 solar masses that is undergoing an outburst in luminosity arising from a temporary increase in the accretion rate. We find an intensity break corresponding to an abrupt change in the optical depth at about 42 au, where the elevated disk temperature approaches the condensation point of water, from which we conclude that the outburst has moved the water snow-line. The spectral behaviour across the snow-line confirms recent model predictions: dust fragmentation and the inhibition of grain growth at higher temperatures results in soaring grain number densities and optical depths. As most planetary systems are expected to experience outbursts caused by accretion during their formation, our results imply that highly dynamical water snow-lines must be considered when developing models of disk evolution and planet formation.
TL;DR: CyOFP1 is described, a bright, engineered, orange-red FP that is excitable by cyan light that enables single-excitation multiplexed imaging with GFP-based probes in single-Photon and two-photon microscopy, including time-lapse imaging in light-sheet systems.
Abstract: Orange-red fluorescent proteins (FPs) are widely used in biomedical research for multiplexed epifluorescence microscopy with GFP-based probes, but their different excitation requirements make multiplexing with new advanced microscopy methods difficult. Separately, orange-red FPs are useful for deep-tissue imaging in mammals owing to the relative tissue transmissibility of orange-red light, but their dependence on illumination limits their sensitivity as reporters in deep tissues. Here we describe CyOFP1, a bright, engineered, orange-red FP that is excitable by cyan light. We show that CyOFP1 enables single-excitation multiplexed imaging with GFP-based probes in single-photon and two-photon microscopy, including time-lapse imaging in light-sheet systems. CyOFP1 also serves as an efficient acceptor for resonance energy transfer from the highly catalytic blue-emitting luciferase NanoLuc. An optimized fusion of CyOFP1 and NanoLuc, called Antares, functions as a highly sensitive bioluminescent reporter in vivo, producing substantially brighter signals from deep tissues than firefly luciferase and other bioluminescent proteins.
TL;DR: Weight bias internalization and psychological distress appear to be important factors underpinning the relationship between weight stigma and disordered eating behaviors, and could be targets for interventions, such as, psychological acceptance and mindfulness therapy, which have been shown to reduce the impact of weight stigma.
TL;DR: In this article, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is charged with ensuring effective protection of the marine environment as part of its responsibilities for managing mining in seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction (the Area) on behalf of humankind.
Broad Institute1, Brigham and Women's Hospital2, Karolinska Institutet3, University of Hawaii at Manoa4, European Bioinformatics Institute5, Vanderbilt University6, National Institutes of Health7, Max Planck Society8, French Institute of Health and Medical Research9, Rutgers University10, University of Illinois at Chicago11, Cleveland Clinic12, Paris Diderot University13, University of Padua14, University of the Republic15, University of Manchester16, Pompeu Fabra University17, Newcastle University18, University of Vermont19, University of Utah20, Huazhong University of Science and Technology21, Yeungnam University22, Korea University23, Charité24, Centre national de la recherche scientifique25, Seoul National University26, Cornell University27, Shenzhen University28, Pennsylvania State University29, University of Surrey30, University of Delaware31, Montana State University32, University of Bonn33, University of Wisconsin-Madison34, Towson University35, Oregon State University36
TL;DR: The solution is to use the root symbol SELENO followed by a letter, approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, which resolves conflicting, missing, and ambiguous designations for selenoprotein genes and is applicable toselenoproteins across vertebrates.
James Cook University1, University of Copenhagen2, Australian Institute of Marine Science3, Smithsonian Institution4, Wildlife Conservation Society5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, National University of Singapore7, University of Queensland8, Macquarie University9, University of Auckland10, Curtin University11, Queensland Museum12, University of Warwick13
TL;DR: The overall goal is for the Coral Trait Database to become an open-source, community-led data clearinghouse that accelerates coral reef research.
Abstract: Trait-based approaches advance ecological and evolutionary research because traits provide a strong link to an organism’s function and fitness. Trait-based research might lead to a deeper understanding of the functions of, and services provided by, ecosystems, thereby improving management, which is vital in the current era of rapid environmental change. Coral reef scientists have long collected trait data for corals; however, these are difficult to access and often under-utilized in addressing large-scale questions. We present the Coral Trait Database initiative that aims to bring together physiological, morphological, ecological, phylogenetic and biogeographic trait information into a single repository. The database houses species- and individual-level data from published field and experimental studies alongside contextual data that provide important framing for analyses. In this data descriptor, we release data for 56 traits for 1547 species, and present a collaborative platform on which other trait data are being actively federated. Our overall goal is for the Coral Trait Database to become an open-source, community-led data clearinghouse that accelerates coral reef research.
TL;DR: A newly born, transiting planet orbiting its star with a period of 5.4 days is reported, which is 50 per cent larger than Neptune, and its mass is less than 3.6 times that of Jupiter, with a true mass likely to be similar to that of Neptune.
Abstract: Theories of the formation and early evolution of planetary systems postulate that planets are born in circumstellar disks, and undergo radial migration during and after dissipation of the dust and gas disk from which they formed. The precise ages of meteorites indicate that planetesimals—the building blocks of planets—are produced within the first million years of a star’s life. Fully formed planets are frequently detected on short orbital periods around mature stars. Some theories suggest that the in situ formation of planets close to their host stars is unlikely and that the existence of such planets is therefore evidence of large-scale migration. Other theories posit that planet assembly at small orbital separations may be common. Here we report a newly born, transiting planet orbiting its star with a period of 5.4 days. The planet is 50 per cent larger than Neptune, and its mass is less than 3.6 times that of Jupiter (at 99.7 per cent confidence), with a true mass likely to be similar to that of Neptune. The star is 5–10 million years old and has a tenuous dust disk extending outward from about twice the Earth–Sun separation, in addition to the fully formed planet located at less than one-twentieth of the Earth–Sun separation.
TL;DR: The authors proposed that generation of submesoscale motions most likely constitutes the dominant dissipation mechanism for the observed eddies and captured full-depth 3D structures of an anticyclonic and cyclonic eddy pair for the first time.
Abstract: Oceanic mesoscale eddies with horizontal scales of 50–300 km are the most energetic form of flows in the ocean. They are the oceanic analogues of atmospheric storms and are effective transporters of heat, nutrients, dissolved carbon, and other biochemical materials in the ocean. Although oceanic eddies have been ubiquitously observed in the world oceans since 1960s, our understanding of their three-dimensional (3D) structure, generation, and dissipation remains fragmentary due to lack of systematic full water-depth measurements. To bridge this knowledge gap, we designed and conducted a multi-months field campaign, called the South China Sea Mesoscale Eddy Experiment (S-MEE), in the northern South China Sea in 2013/2014. The S-MEE for the first time captured full-depth 3D structures of an anticyclonic and cyclonic eddy pair, which are characterized by a distinct vertical tilt of their axes. By observing the eddy evolution at an upstream versus downstream location and conducting an eddy energy budget analysis, the authors further proposed that generation of submesoscale motions most likely constitutes the dominant dissipation mechanism for the observed eddies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the discovery of a Neptune-sized planet transiting an M4.5 dwarf (K2-25) in the Hyades cluster (650-800 Myr).
Abstract: Studying the properties of young planetary systems can shed light on how the dynamics and structure of planets evolve during their most formative years. Recent K2 observations of nearby young clusters (10–800 Myr) have facilitated the discovery of such planetary systems. Here we report the discovery of a Neptune-sized planet transiting an M4.5 dwarf (K2-25) in the Hyades cluster (650–800 Myr). The light curve shows a strong periodic signal at 1.88 days, which we attribute to spot coverage and rotation. We confirm that the planet host is a member of the Hyades by measuring the radial velocity of the system with the high-resolution near-infrared spectrograph Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer. This enables us to calculate a distance based on K2-25's kinematics and membership to the Hyades, which in turn provides a stellar radius and mass to ≃ 5%–10%, better than what is currently possible for most Kepler M dwarfs (12%–20%). We use the derived stellar density as a prior on fitting the K2 transit photometry, which provides weak constraints on eccentricity. Utilizing a combination of adaptive optics imaging and high-resolution spectra, we rule out the possibility that the signal is due to a bound or background eclipsing binary, confirming the transits' planetary origin. K2-25b has a radius (3.43}_(-0.31)^(+0.95)R_⊕) much larger than older Kepler planets with similar orbital periods (3.485 days) and host-star masses (0.29 M_⊙). This suggests that close-in planets lose some of their atmospheres past the first few hundred million years. Additional transiting planets around the Hyades, Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters from K2 will help confirm whether this planet is atypical or representative of other close-in planets of similar age.
San Francisco State University1, Pennsylvania State University2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Ames Research Center4, NASA Exoplanet Science Institute5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, Arizona State University7, Cornell University8, Centre national de la recherche scientifique9, Harvard University10
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a list of exoplanet candidates from the Kepler Q1-Q17 Data Release 24 data-vetting process, including a catalog of 104 candidates within the optimistic HZ and 20 candidates with radii less than two Earth radii within the conservative HZ.
Abstract: The NASA Kepler mission ha s discovered thousands of new planetary candidates, many of which have been confirmed through follow-up observations. A primary goal of the mission is to determine the occurrence rate of terrestrial-size planets within the Habitable Zone (HZ) of their host stars. Here we provide a list of HZ exoplanet candidates from the Kepler Q1–Q17 Data Release 24 data-vetting process. This work was undertaken as part of the Kepler HZ Working Group. We use a variety of criteria regarding HZ boundaries and planetary sizes to produce complete lists of HZ candidates, including a catalog of 104 candidates within the optimistic HZ and 20 candidates with radii less than two Earth radii within the conservative HZ. We cross-match our HZ candidates with the stellar properties and confirmed planet properties from Data Release 25 to provide robust stellar parameters and candidate dispositions. We also include false-positive probabilities recently calculated by Morton et al. for each of the candidates within our catalogs to aid in their validation. Finally, we performed dynamical analysis simulations for multi-planet systems that contain candidates with radii less than two Earth radii as a step toward validation of those systems.