Showing papers by "University of Portsmouth published in 2017"
Carnegie Mellon University1, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, Sternberg Astronomical Institute4, New Mexico State University5, Ohio State University6, University of Utah7, Yale University8, Autonomous University of Madrid9, University of Barcelona10, Harvard University11, Aix-Marseille University12, University of Paris13, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University14, Max Planck Society15, University of California, Berkeley16, University of California, Irvine17, University of Portsmouth18, University of Cambridge19, Spanish National Research Council20, University of La Laguna21, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris22, Princeton University23, University of Edinburgh24, Sejong University25, Kansas State University26, Pennsylvania State University27, National University of La Plata28, National Scientific and Technical Research Council29, Ohio University30, Brookhaven National Laboratory31, New York University32, University of St Andrews33, National Autonomous University of Mexico34, University of Wisconsin-Madison35, Open University36, Chinese Academy of Sciences37, University of Pittsburgh38, Case Western Reserve University39
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present cosmological results from the final galaxy clustering data set of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III.
Abstract: We present cosmological results from the final galaxy clustering data set of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. Our combined galaxy sample comprises 1.2 million massive galaxies over an effective area of 9329 deg^2 and volume of 18.7 Gpc^3, divided into three partially overlapping redshift slices centred at effective redshifts 0.38, 0.51 and 0.61. We measure the angular diameter distance and Hubble parameter H from the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) method, in combination with a cosmic microwave background prior on the sound horizon scale, after applying reconstruction to reduce non-linear effects on the BAO feature. Using the anisotropic clustering of the pre-reconstruction density field, we measure the product D_MH from the Alcock–Paczynski (AP) effect and the growth of structure, quantified by fσ_8(z), from redshift-space distortions (RSD). We combine individual measurements presented in seven companion papers into a set of consensus values and likelihoods, obtaining constraints that are tighter and more robust than those from any one method; in particular, the AP measurement from sub-BAO scales sharpens constraints from post-reconstruction BAOs by breaking degeneracy between D_M and H. Combined with Planck 2016 cosmic microwave background measurements, our distance scale measurements simultaneously imply curvature Ω_K = 0.0003 ± 0.0026 and a dark energy equation-of-state parameter w = −1.01 ± 0.06, in strong affirmation of the spatially flat cold dark matter (CDM) model with a cosmological constant (ΛCDM). Our RSD measurements of fσ_8, at 6 per cent precision, are similarly consistent with this model. When combined with supernova Ia data, we find H_0 = 67.3 ± 1.0 km s^−1 Mpc^−1 even for our most general dark energy model, in tension with some direct measurements. Adding extra relativistic species as a degree of freedom loosens the constraint only slightly, to H_0 = 67.8 ± 1.2 km s^−1 Mpc^−1. Assuming flat ΛCDM, we find Ω_m = 0.310 ± 0.005 and H_0 = 67.6 ± 0.5 km s^−1 Mpc^−1, and we find a 95 per cent upper limit of 0.16 eV c^−2 on the neutrino mass sum.
2,413 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF5076) and the Heising-Simons Foundation (HSPF) have contributed to the creation of the DES-Brazil Consortium.
Abstract: NSF [AST-1411763, AST-1714498, DGE 1144152, PHY-1707954, AST-1518052]; NASA [NNX15AE50G, NNX16AC22G]; National Science Foundation; Kavli Foundation; Danish National Research Foundation; Niels Bohr International Academy; DARK Cosmology Centre; Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation; Heising-Simons Foundation; UCSC; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; European Research Council [ERC-StG-335936]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF5076]; DOE (USA); NSF (USA); MISE (Spain); STFC (UK); HEFCE (UK); NCSA (UIUC); KICP (U. Chicago); CCAPP (Ohio State); MIFPA (Texas AM); MINECO (Spain); DFG (Germany); CNPQ (Brazil); FAPERJ (Brazil); FINEP (Brazil); Argonne Lab; UC Santa Cruz; University of Cambridge; CIEMAT-Madrid; University of Chicago; University College London; DES-Brazil Consortium; University of Edinburgh; ETH Zurich; Fermilab; University of Illinois; ICE (IEEC-CSIC); IFAE Barcelona; Lawrence Berkeley Lab; LMU Munchen; Excellence Cluster Universe; University of Michigan; NOAO; University of Nottingham; Ohio State University; University of Pennsylvania; University of Portsmouth; SLAC National Lab; Stanford University; University of Sussex; Texas AM University; Gemini Observatory [GS-2017B-Q-8, GS-2017B-DD-4]
788 citations
University of Zurich1, Erasmus University Rotterdam2, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich3, Medical University of Vienna4, Umeå University5, Aix-Marseille University6, University Hospital Heidelberg7, VU University Amsterdam8, Institut Gustave Roussy9, University of Cambridge10, University of Portsmouth11, University of Bonn12, Leiden University13, University of Lausanne14, University of Hamburg15, University of Düsseldorf16, German Cancer Research Center17
TL;DR: The European Association for Neuro-Oncology guideline provides recommendations for the clinical care of adult patients with astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas, including glioblastomas, based on the 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system and on scientific developments since the 2014 guideline.
Abstract: The European Association for Neuro-Oncology guideline provides recommendations for the clinical care of adult patients with astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas, including glioblastomas. The guideline is based on the 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system and on scientific developments since the 2014 guideline. The recommendations focus on pathological and radiological diagnostics, and the main treatment modalities of surgery, radiotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. In this guideline we have also integrated the results from contemporary clinical trials that have changed clinical practice. The guideline aims to provide guidance for diagnostic and management decisions, while limiting unnecessary treatments and costs. The recommendations are a resource for professionals involved in the management of patients with glioma, for patients and caregivers, and for health-care providers in Europe. The implementation of this guideline requires multidisciplinary structures of care, and defined processes of diagnosis and treatment.
773 citations
Queen's University Belfast1, Max Planck Society2, California Institute of Technology3, University College Dublin4, University of Southampton5, University of Hawaii6, University of Copenhagen7, Weizmann Institute of Science8, University of Warwick9, University of Edinburgh10, Millennium Institute11, Andrés Bello National University12, European Southern Observatory13, Liverpool John Moores University14, Stockholm University15, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile16, Space Science Institute17, INAF18, University of Padua19, Radboud University Nijmegen20, Netherlands Institute for Space Research21, Spanish National Research Council22, Centre national de la recherche scientifique23, University of Chile24, University of Portsmouth25, University of Pittsburgh26, Instituto Superior Técnico27, University of Warsaw28, University of Turku29, University of Iceland30, Valparaiso University31, University of Cambridge32, Lancaster University33, Humboldt University of Berlin34, Heidelberg University35, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies36, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris37, University of Oxford38, University of Catania39, Johns Hopkins University40, Space Telescope Science Institute41, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics42, Australian National University43, University of New South Wales44, Harvard University45, University of the Free State46, Northwestern University47, University of Minnesota48
TL;DR: Observations and physical modelling of a rapidly fading electromagnetic transient in the galaxy NGC 4993, which is spatially coincident with GW170817, indicate that neutron-star mergers produce gravitational waves and radioactively powered kilonovae, and are a nucleosynthetic source of the r-process elements.
Abstract: Gravitational waves were discovered with the detection of binary black-hole mergers and they should also be detectable from lower-mass neutron-star mergers. These are predicted to eject material rich in heavy radioactive isotopes that can power an electromagnetic signal. This signal is luminous at optical and infrared wavelengths and is called a kilonova. The gravitational-wave source GW170817 arose from a binary neutron-star merger in the nearby Universe with a relatively well confined sky position and distance estimate. Here we report observations and physical modelling of a rapidly fading electromagnetic transient in the galaxy NGC 4993, which is spatially coincident with GW170817 and with a weak, short γ-ray burst. The transient has physical parameters that broadly match the theoretical predictions of blue kilonovae from neutron-star mergers. The emitted electromagnetic radiation can be explained with an ejected mass of 0.04 ± 0.01 solar masses, with an opacity of less than 0.5 square centimetres per gram, at a velocity of 0.2 ± 0.1 times light speed. The power source is constrained to have a power-law slope of -1.2 ± 0.3, consistent with radioactive powering from r-process nuclides. (The r-process is a series of neutron capture reactions that synthesise many of the elements heavier than iron.) We identify line features in the spectra that are consistent with light r-process elements (atomic masses of 90-140). As it fades, the transient rapidly becomes red, and a higher-opacity, lanthanide-rich ejecta component may contribute to the emission. This indicates that neutron-star mergers produce gravitational waves and radioactively powered kilonovae, and are a nucleosynthetic source of the r-process elements.
695 citations
California Institute of Technology1, Tel Aviv University2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, University of Maryland, College Park4, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee5, Stockholm University6, Princeton University7, Liverpool John Moores University8, National Central University9, Hebrew University of Jerusalem10, University of Sydney11, Australian Research Council12, Indian Institute of Astrophysics13, Indian Institute of Science14, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation15, University of Colorado Boulder16, Columbia University17, University of Washington18, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay19, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics20, University of California, Berkeley21, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory22, George Washington University23, Texas Tech University24, University College London25, University of Leicester26, Space Telescope Science Institute27, National Radio Astronomy Observatory28, University of Portsmouth29, University of Southampton30, Radboud University Nijmegen31, Tokyo Institute of Technology32, Max Planck Society33, Northwestern University34, Adler Planetarium35, University of Oxford36, Weizmann Institute of Science37, San Diego State University38, Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe39, University of California, Merced40
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis, which is dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultrarelativistic jets.
Abstract: Merging neutron stars offer an excellent laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart (EM170817) with gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic data set, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultrarelativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet explains the low-luminosity gamma rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared, and the delayed radio and x-ray emission. We posit that all neutron star mergers may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout, sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes by a choked jet.
579 citations
Los Alamos National Laboratory1, Stockholm University2, University of Wisconsin-Madison3, Fermilab4, Texas A&M University5, Rhodes University6, University College London7, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris8, University of Pennsylvania9, Carnegie Institution for Science10, Stanford University11, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign12, IFAE13, University of Portsmouth14, University of Southampton15, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich16, California Institute of Technology17, University of Michigan18, University of California, Berkeley19, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory20, Ohio State University21, Australian Astronomical Observatory22, University of Sussex23, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul24, Argonne National Laboratory25
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors search for excess gamma-ray emission coincident with the positions of confirmed and candidate Milky Way satellite galaxies using six years of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT).
Abstract: We search for excess gamma-ray emission coincident with the positions of confirmed and candidate Milky Way satellite galaxies using six years of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). Our sample of 45 stellar systems includes 28 kinematically confirmed dark-matter-dominated dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) and 17 recently discovered systems that have photometric characteristics consistent with the population of known dSphs. For each of these targets, the relative predicted gamma-ray flux due to dark matter annihilation is taken from kinematic analysis if available, and estimated from a distance-based scaling relation otherwise, assuming that the stellar systems are DM-dominated dSphs. LAT data coincident with four of the newly discovered targets show a slight preference (each ~ 2sigma local) for gamma-ray emission in excess of the background. However, the ensemble of derived gamma-ray flux upper limits for individual targets is consistent with the expectation from analyzing random blank-sky regions, and a combined analysis of the population of stellar systems yields no globally significant excess (global significance < 1sigma ). Our analysis has increased sensitivity compared to the analysis of 15 confirmed dSphs by Ackermann et al. The observed constraints on the DM annihilation cross section are statistically consistent with the background expectation, improving by a factor of ~2 for large DM masses ({m}{DM,b\bar{b}}≳ 1 {TeV} and {m}{DM,{tau }+{tau }-}≳ 70 {GeV}) and weakening by a factor of ~1.5 at lower masses relative to previously observed limits.
562 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that ionic defects, migrating on timescales significantly longer (above 103 s) than what has so far been explored (from 10−1 to 102 s), abate the initial efficiency by 10−15% after several hours of operation at the maximum power point.
Abstract: Perovskites have been demonstrated in solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of well above 20%, which makes them one of the strongest contenders for next generation photovoltaics. While there are no concerns about their efficiency, very little is known about their stability under illumination and load. Ionic defects and their migration in the perovskite crystal lattice are some of the most alarming sources of degradation, which can potentially prevent the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, we provide direct evidence of electric field-induced ionic defect migration and we isolate their effect on the long-term performance of state-of-the-art devices. Supported by modelling, we demonstrate that ionic defects, migrating on timescales significantly longer (above 103 s) than what has so far been explored (from 10−1 to 102 s), abate the initial efficiency by 10–15% after several hours of operation at the maximum power point. Though these losses are not negligible, we prove that the initial efficiency is fully recovered when leaving the device in the dark for a comparable amount of time. We verified this behaviour over several cycles resembling day/night phases, thus probing the stability of PSCs under native working conditions. This unusual behaviour reveals that research and industrial standards currently in use to assess the performance and the stability of solar cells need to be adjusted for PSCs. Our work paves the way for much needed new testing protocols and figures of merit specifically designed for PSCs.
487 citations
Marcelle Soares-Santos1, Marcelle Soares-Santos2, Daniel E. Holz3, J. Annis2 +159 more•Institutions (47)
TL;DR: The Dark Energy Camera (DECam) was used to detect the optical counterpart of the first binary neutron star merger detected through gravitational-wave emission, GW170817.
Abstract: We present the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) discovery of the optical counterpart of the first binary neutron star merger detected through gravitational-wave emission, GW170817. Our observations commenced 10.5 hr post-merger, as soon as the localization region became accessible from Chile. We imaged 70 deg(2) in the i and z bands, covering 93% of the initial integrated localization probability, to a depth necessary to identify likely optical counterparts (e.g., a kilonova). At 11.4 hr post-merger we detected a bright optical transient located $10\buildrel{\prime\prime}\over{.} 6$ from the nucleus of NGC 4993 at redshift z = 0.0098, consistent (for ${H}_{0}=70$ km s(−)(1) Mpc(−)(1)) with the distance of 40 ± 8 Mpc reported by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration (LVC). At detection the transient had magnitudes of $i=17.3$ and $z=17.4$, and thus an absolute magnitude of ${M}_{i}=-15.7$, in the luminosity range expected for a kilonova. We identified 1500 potential transient candidates. Applying simple selection criteria aimed at rejecting background events such as supernovae, we find the transient associated with NGC 4993 as the only remaining plausible counterpart, and reject chance coincidence at the 99.5% confidence level. We therefore conclude that the optical counterpart we have identified near NGC 4993 is associated with GW170817. This discovery ushers in the era of multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves and demonstrates the power of DECam to identify the optical counterparts of gravitational-wave sources.
478 citations
California Institute of Technology1, Tel Aviv University2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, University of Maryland, College Park4, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee5, Stockholm University6, Princeton University7, Liverpool John Moores University8, National Central University9, Hebrew University of Jerusalem10, Australian Research Council11, University of Sydney12, Indian Institute of Astrophysics13, Indian Institute of Science14, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation15, University of Colorado Boulder16, Columbia University17, University of Washington18, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay19, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics20, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory21, University of California, Berkeley22, George Washington University23, Texas Tech University24, University College London25, University of Leicester26, Space Telescope Science Institute27, National Radio Astronomy Observatory28, University of Portsmouth29, University of Southampton30, Radboud University Nijmegen31, Tokyo Institute of Technology32, Max Planck Society33, Adler Planetarium34, Northwestern University35, University of Oxford36, Weizmann Institute of Science37, San Diego State University38, Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe39, University of California, Merced40
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors established the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart EM170817 to gravitational waves (GW 170817) detected from merging neutron stars by synthesizing a panchromatic dataset.
Abstract: Merging neutron stars offer an exquisite laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart EM170817 to gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic dataset, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma-rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultra-relativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly-relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet elegantly explains the low-luminosity gamma-rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared and the delayed radio/X-ray emission. We posit that all merging neutron stars may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout; sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes a choked jet.
403 citations
TL;DR: As the human population increases there is an increasing reliance on aquaculture to supply a safe, reliable, and economic supply of food, and it is essential that the sources and sinks of antimicrobial resistance are identified and monitored, in order to better understand the implications to human and environmental health.
Abstract: As the human population increases there is an increasing reliance on aquaculture to supply a safe, reliable, and economic supply of food Although food production is essential for a healthy population, an increasing threat to global human health is antimicrobial resistance Extensive antibiotic resistant strains are now being detected; the spread of these strains could greatly reduce medical treatment options available and increase deaths from previously curable infections Antibiotic resistance is widespread due in part to clinical overuse and misuse; however, the natural processes of horizontal gene transfer and mutation events that allow genetic exchange within microbial populations have been ongoing since ancient times By their nature, aquaculture systems contain high numbers of diverse bacteria, which exist in combination with the current and past use of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and other treatment regimens—singularly or in combination These systems have been designated as “genetic hotspots” for gene transfer As our reliance on aquaculture grows, it is essential that we identify the sources and sinks of antimicrobial resistance, and monitor and analyse the transfer of antimicrobial resistance between the microbial community, the environment, and the farmed product, in order to better understand the implications to human and environmental health
400 citations
28 Mar 2017
TL;DR: The article highlights the need for prioritisation of mental health services by incorporating local population and cultural needs and involvement of patients, informal carers, and the wider community in a therapeutic capacity.
Abstract: This article discusses the provision of mental health services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with a view to understanding the cultural dynamics–how the challenges they pose can be addressed and the opportunities harnessed in specific cultural contexts. The article highlights the need for prioritisation of mental health services by incorporating local population and cultural needs. This can be achieved only through political will and strengthened legislation, improved resource allocation and strategic organisation, integrated packages of care underpinned by professional communication and training, and involvement of patients, informal carers, and the wider community in a therapeutic capacity.
TL;DR: A review of the main safety systems that have been proposed and applied in industrial robotic environments that contribute to the achievement of safe collaborative human–robot work is presented.
Abstract: After many years of rigid conventional procedures of production, industrial manufacturing is going through a process of change toward flexible and intelligent manufacturing, the so-called Industry 4.0. In this paper, human–robot collaboration has an important role in smart factories since it contributes to the achievement of higher productivity and greater efficiency. However, this evolution means breaking with the established safety procedures as the separation of workspaces between robot and human is removed. These changes are reflected in safety standards related to industrial robotics since the last decade, and have led to the development of a wide field of research focusing on the prevention of human–robot impacts and/or the minimization of related risks or their consequences. This paper presents a review of the main safety systems that have been proposed and applied in industrial robotic environments that contribute to the achievement of safe collaborative human–robot work. Additionally, a review is provided of the current regulations along with new concepts that have been introduced in them. The discussion presented in this paper includes multi-disciplinary approaches, such as techniques for estimation and the evaluation of injuries in human–robot collisions, mechanical and software devices designed to minimize the consequences of human–robot impact, impact detection systems, and strategies to prevent collisions or minimize their consequences when they occur.
University of Zurich1, University of Konstanz2, Australian National University3, Southern Illinois University Carbondale4, Pompeu Fabra University5, University of Cambridge6, German Primate Center7, Andrews University8, Durham University9, University of Amsterdam10, Liverpool John Moores University11, University of Southern California12, University of Portsmouth13, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute14, Biomedical Primate Research Centre15, Murdoch University16, University of Bern17, Bogor Agricultural University18, Sabah Wildlife Department19, Cardiff University20, Zurich University of Applied Sciences/ZHAW21, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics22, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies23
TL;DR: It is shown that an isolated population from Batang Toru, at the southernmost range limit of extantSumatran orangutans south of Lake Toba, is distinct from other northern Sumatran and Bornean populations, and a new species, Pongo tapanuliensis, is identified.
TL;DR: This paper presents a novel method for underwater image enhancement inspired by the Retinex framework, which simulates the human visual system and utilizes the combination of the bilateral filter and trilateral filter on the three channels of the image in CIELAB color space according to the characteristics of each channel.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1, University of Portsmouth2, Ohio University3, Ohio State University4, Max Planck Society5, Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe6, University of Utah7, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam8, Autonomous University of Madrid9, University of Barcelona10, Harvard University11, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich12, University of California, Berkeley13, Spanish National Research Council14, University of Edinburgh15, Pennsylvania State University16, Brookhaven National Laboratory17, New York University18, University of St Andrews19, National Autonomous University of Mexico20
TL;DR: In this paper, the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) signal was analyzed in Fourier space, using the power spectrum monopole and quadrupole.
Abstract: Here, we analyse the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) signal of the final Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) data release (DR12). Our analysis is performed in Fourier-space, using the power spectrum monopole and quadrupole. The dataset includes 1 198 006 galaxies over the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.75. We divide this dataset into three (overlapping) redshift bins with the effective redshifts zeff = 0.38, 0.51 and 0.61. We demonstrate the reliability of our analysis pipeline using N-body simulations as well as 1000 MultiDark-Patchy mock catalogues, which mimic the BOSS-DR12 target selection. We apply density eld reconstruction to enhance the BAO signal-to-noise ratio. By including the power spectrum quadrupole we can sep-arate the line-of-sight and angular modes, which allows us to constrain the angular diameter distance DA(z) and the Hubble parameter H ( z ) separately. We obtain two independent 1 : 6% and 1 : 5% constraints on DA(z) and 2.9% and 2.3% constraints on H(z) for the low (zeff = 0.38) and high (zeff = 0.61) redshift bin, respectively. We obtain two independent 1% and 0.9% constraints on the angular averaged distance DV(z), when ignoring the Alcock-Paczynski e ect. The detection significance of the BAO signal is ofmore » the order of 8σ (post-reconstruction) for each of the three redshift bins. Our results are in good agreement with the Planck prediction within CDM. This paper is part of a set that analyses the final galaxy clustering dataset from BOSS. The measurements and likelihoods presented here are combined with others in Alam et al. (2016) to produce the final cosmological constraints from BOSS.« less
Autonomous University of Madrid1, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam2, Spanish National Research Council3, University of La Laguna4, Ohio University5, National Autonomous University of Mexico6, University of Barcelona7, Max Planck Society8, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich9, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory10, University of Utah11, Harvard University12, Carnegie Mellon University13, University of California, Berkeley14, University of Cambridge15, Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe16, Pennsylvania State University17, New York University18, Chinese Academy of Sciences19, University of Portsmouth20
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale measurements determined from the clustering of 1.2 million massive galaxies with redshifts 0.2 < z < 0.75 distributed over 9300 deg(2).
Abstract: We present baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale measurements determined from the clustering of 1.2 million massive galaxies with redshifts 0.2 < z < 0.75 distributed over 9300 deg(2), as quantified by their redshift-space correlation function. In order to facilitate these measurements, we define, describe, and motivate the selection function for galaxies in the final data release (DR12) of the SDSS III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). This includes the observational footprint, masks for image quality and Galactic extinction, and weights to account for density relationships intrinsic to the imaging and spectroscopic portions of the survey. We simulate the observed systematic trends in mock galaxy samples and demonstrate that they impart no bias on BAO scale measurements and have a minor impact on the recovered statistical uncertainty. We measure transverse and radial BAO distance measurements in 0.2 < z < 0.5, 0.5 < z < 0.75, and (overlapping) 0.4 < z < 0.6 redshift bins. In each redshift bin, we obtain a precision that is 2.7 per cent or better on the radial distance and 1.6 per cent or better on the transverse distance. The combination of the redshift bins represents 1.8 per cent precision on the radial distance and 1.1 per cent precision on the transverse distance. This paper is part of a set that analyses the final galaxy clustering data set from BOSS. The measurements and likelihoods presented here are combined with others in Alam et al. to produce the final cosmological constraints from BOSS.
Technical University of Madrid1, University of Portsmouth2, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora3, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw4, University of New South Wales5, Queensland University of Technology6, University of the Sunshine Coast7, Federal University of Paraíba8, University of Milan9, Oxylane Group10, Loughborough University11, Royal Free Hospital12, University of Ottawa13, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí14, University of Chieti-Pescara15, Auburn University16, University of Valencia17, Fernando Pessoa University18, Manchester Metropolitan University19, Novosibirsk State University20
TL;DR: It is intended that the TISEM can also be applied to evaluate bias in thermographic studies and to guide practitioners in the use of this technique.
TL;DR: A comprehensive examination of the available literature focused on investigating how GBM hypoxia triggers an invasive cancer cell phenotype and the role of these invasive proteins in GBM progression is presented.
Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and deadly type of primary malignant brain tumor, with a patient’s median survival rate ranging from 15 to 17 months. The current treatment for GBM involves tumor resection surgery based on MRI image analysis, followed by radiotherapy and treatment with temozolomide. However, the gradual development of tumor resistance to temozolomide is frequent in GBM patients leading to subsequent tumor regrowth/relapse. For this reason, the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for GBM is of critical importance. Low tumor oxygenation, also known as hypoxia, constitutes a major concern for GBM patients, since it promotes cancer cell spreading (invasion) into the healthy brain tissue in order to evade this adverse microenvironment. Tumor invasion not only constitutes a major obstacle to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but it is also the main cause of death in GBM patients. Understanding how hypoxia triggers the GBM cells to become invasive is paramount to developing novel and more effective therapies against this devastating disease. In this review, we will present a comprehensive examination of the available literature focused on investigating how GBM hypoxia triggers an invasive cancer cell phenotype and the role of these invasive proteins in GBM progression.
TL;DR: Using a long historical perspective on whether the time-varying stock covariance, their returns and their variances are affected by geopolitical risk, as encapsulated and quantified by a recently developed index, this paper found that geopolitical risk triggers a negative effect on oil returns and volatility, and to a smaller degree on the covariance between the two markets.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis of a new cognitive approach to (non-)verbal lie detection is presented, which consists of three techniques: imposing cognitive load, encouraging interviewees to say more, and asking unexpected questions.
Abstract: Introduction This article provides a meta-analysis of a new, cognitive approach to (non-)verbal lie detection. This cognitive lie detection approach consists of three techniques: (1) imposing cognitive load, (2) encouraging interviewees to say more, and (3) asking unexpected questions. Method A meta-analysis was carried out on studies using the cognitive approach, 14 of which directly compared the cognitive approach to a standard approach. Results The cognitive lie detection approach produced superior accuracy results in truth detection (67%), lie detection (67%), and total detection (truth and lie detection combined, 71%) compared to a traditional standard approach (truth detection: 57%; lie detection: 47%; total detection: 56%). Conclusions Practitioners may find it useful to use a cognitive lie detection approach in their daily practice.
TL;DR: This review provids a concise discussion of nano carriers for drug transport across the intact BBB, various forms of nanomaterials including inorganic/solid lipid/polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, quantum dots, nanogels, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, polymersomes and exosomes are critically evaluated, and the future directions of this area are fully discussed.
Abstract: Effective therapy lies in achieving a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site in the body and then maintaining the desired drug concentration for a sufficient time interval to be clinically effective for treatment. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders most drugs from entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the blood stream, leading to the difficulty of delivering drugs to the brain via the circulatory system for the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of brain diseases. Several brain drug delivery approaches have been developed, such as intracerebral and intracerebroventricular administration, intranasal delivery and blood-to-brain delivery, as a result of transient BBB disruption induced by biological, chemical or physical stimuli such as zonula occludens toxin, mannitol, magnetic heating and ultrasound, but these approaches showed disadvantages of being dangerous, high cost and unsuitability for most brain diseases and drugs. The strategy of vector-mediated blood-to-brain delivery, which involves improving BBB permeability of the drug-carrier conjugate, can minimize side effects, such as being submicrometre objects that behave as a whole unit in terms of their transport and properties, nanomaterials, are promising carrier vehicles for direct drug transport across the intact BBB as a result of their potential to enter the brain capillary endothelial cells by means of normal endocytosis and transcytosis due to their small size, as well as their possibility of being functionalized with multiple copies of the drug molecule of interest. This review provids a concise discussion of nano carriers for drug transport across the intact BBB, various forms of nanomaterials including inorganic/solid lipid/polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, quantum dots, nanogels, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, polymersomes and exosomes are critically evaluated, their mechanisms for drug transport across the BBB are reviewed, and the future directions of this area are fully discussed.
Max Planck Society1, New York University2, Institut de Ciències de l'Espai3, University of La Laguna4, Spanish National Research Council5, University of Portsmouth6, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory7, University of Utah8, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam9, Autonomous University of Madrid10, Harvard University11, University of California, Berkeley12, University of Cambridge13, Ohio State University14, Kansas State University15, Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory16, Ohio University17, University of St Andrews18, Carnegie Mellon University19, National Autonomous University of Mexico20, Chinese Academy of Sciences21
TL;DR: Sanchez, A. G., Scoccimarro, R., Crocce, M., Grieb, J. N., Salazar-Albornoz, S., Dalla Vecchia, C.,... Zhao, G. B. as mentioned in this paper presented the clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey.
Abstract: Citation: Sanchez, A. G., Scoccimarro, R., Crocce, M., Grieb, J. N., Salazar-Albornoz, S., Dalla Vecchia, C., . . . Zhao, G. B. (2017). The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmological implications of the configuration-space clustering wedges. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 464(2), 1640-1658. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2443
TL;DR: In this paper, the full probability density function (PDF) of inflationary curvature perturbations was calculated, even in the presence of large quantum backreaction, using the stochastic-δ-N formalism.
Abstract: We calculate the full probability density function (PDF) of inflationary curvature perturbations, even in the presence of large quantum backreaction. Making use of the stochastic-δ N formalism, two complementary methods are developed, one based on solving an ordinary differential equation for the characteristic function of the PDF, and the other based on solving a heat equation for the PDF directly. In the classical limit where quantum diffusion is small, we develop an expansion scheme that not only recovers the standard Gaussian PDF at leading order, but also allows us to calculate the first non-Gaussian corrections to the usual result. In the opposite limit where quantum diffusion is large, we find that the PDF is given by an elliptic theta function, which is fully characterised by the ratio between the squared width and height (in Planck mass units) of the region where stochastic effects dominate. We then apply these results to the calculation of the mass fraction of primordial black holes from inflation, and show that no more than ~ 1 e-fold can be spent in regions of the potential dominated by quantum diffusion. We explain how this requirement constrains inflationary potentials with two examples.
University of Warwick1, University of Zurich2, University of Helsinki3, Andrews University4, University of York5, Danube University Krems6, University of Cape Town7, Aix-Marseille University8, University of Geneva9, Free University of Berlin10, Eötvös Loránd University11, Humboldt University of Berlin12, University of Cambridge13, University of Portsmouth14, University of Basel15, University of Neuchâtel16
TL;DR: A unified approach to intentional communication is revisited and structure intentional communication into a series of requirements, each of which can be operationalised, investigated empirically, and must be met for purposive, intentionally communicative acts to be demonstrated.
Abstract: Language's intentional nature has been highlighted as a crucial feature distinguishing it from other communication systems. Specifically, language is often thought to depend on highly structured intentional action and mutual mindreading by a communicator and recipient. Whilst similar abilities in animals can shed light on the evolution of intentionality, they remain challenging to detect unambiguously. We revisit animal intentional communication and suggest that progress in identifying analogous capacities has been complicated by (i) the assumption that intentional (that is, voluntary) production of communicative acts requires mental-state attribution, and (ii) variation in approaches investigating communication across sensory modalities. To move forward, we argue that a framework fusing research across modalities and species is required. We structure intentional communication into a series of requirements, each of which can be operationalised, investigated empirically, and must be met for purposive, intentionally communicative acts to be demonstrated. Our unified approach helps elucidate the distribution of animal intentional communication and subsequently serves to clarify what is meant by attributions of intentional communication in animals and humans.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate sorption of two co-contaminants with different physicochemistries [phenanthrene (Phe), log10Kow =4.57; and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), log 10Kow=3.67] to microplastics in marine ecosystems.
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto1, Stellenbosch University2, Boise State University3, University of Toronto4, Goethe University Frankfurt5, University of Oslo6, British Geological Survey7, University of Portsmouth8, University of São Paulo9, University of Western Australia10, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais11
TL;DR: A potential zircon reference material for laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry is described in this article.
Abstract: A potential zircon reference material (BB zircon) for laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry is described. A batch of twenty zircon megacrysts (0.5–1.5 cm3) from Sri Lanka was studied. Within-grain rare earth element (REE) compositions are largely homogeneous, albeit with some variation seen between fractured and homogeneous domains. Excluding fractured cathodoluminescence bright domains, the variation in U content for all analysed crystals ranged from 227 to 368 μg g−1 and the average Th/U ratios were between 0.20 and 0.47. The Hf isotope composition (0.56–0.84 g/100 g Hf) is homogeneous within and between the grains – mean 176Hf/177Hf of 0.281674 ± 0.000018 (2s). The calculated alpha dose of 0.59 × 1018 g−1 for a number of BB grains falls within the trend of previously studied, untreated zircon samples from Sri Lanka. Aliquots of the same crystal (analysed by ID-TIMS in four different laboratories) gave consistent U-Pb ages with excellent measurement reproducibility (0.1–0.4% RSD). Interlaboratory assessment (by LA-ICP-MS) from individual crystals returned results that are within uncertainty equivalent to the TIMS ages. Finally, we report on within- and between-grain homogeneity of the oxygen isotope systematic of four BB crystals (13.16‰ VSMOW).
TL;DR: High-performance athletes were just as likely as non-athletes to report depressive symptoms, and researchers need to move beyond self-report measures of depressive symptoms and examine the prevalence of clinically diagnosed depressive disorders in athletes.
Abstract: Objective To assess whether a difference exists in the prevalence of mild or more severe depressive symptoms between high-performance athletes and non-athletes. Design Comparative OR meta-analysis. Data sources We searched PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar, as well as the reference lists of reviews of mental health issues in high-performance athletes. Eligibility We included studies that compared high-performance athletes and non-athletes, included a validated measure of depressive symptoms and included the prevalence of individuals who indicated at least mild depressive symptoms. Results Five articles reporting data from 1545 high-performance athletes and 1811 non-athletes were examined. A comparative OR meta-analysis found high-performance athletes were no more likely than non-athletes to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.15, 95% CI=0.954 to 1.383, p=0.145). Male high-performance athletes (n=940) were no more likely than male non-athletes (n=605) to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.17, 95% CI=0.839 to 1.616, p=0.362). For females, high-performance athletes (n=948) were no more likely than non-athletes (n=605) to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.11, 95% CI=0.846 to 1.442, p=0.464). Overall, male high-performance athletes (n=874) were 52% less likely to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms than female high-performance athletes (n=705) (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.369 to 0.621, p Summary/conclusions High-performance athletes were just as likely as non-athletes to report depressive symptoms. Researchers need to move beyond self-report measures of depressive symptoms and examine the prevalence of clinically diagnosed depressive disorders in athletes.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the patterns, trends and variations of heat waves in China during 1961-2014, based on daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature, and relative humidity datasets from China Meteorological Administration.
Abstract: Heat waves (HWs) can have disastrous impacts on human activities and natural systems, and are one of the current foci of scientific research, particularly in the context of global warming. However, there is no standard definition of a HW, which makes assessment of temporal trends a challenge. In this study, based on daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature, and relative humidity datasets from China Meteorological Administration, the patterns, trends and variations of HW in China during 1961–2014 are investigated. Sixteen previously published HW indices (HIs) are calculated, which are divided into two types using relative and absolute threshold temperatures, respectively. During 1961–2014, both relative and absolute threshold HIs show the highest number of HW in Jianghua and South China, geographically consistent with the climate characteristics of China. The majority of HIs shows negative/positive trends of HW days before/after 1990 over the whole of China, but especially in Jianghua and South China, which reflects rapid warming since 1990. There are significant correlations among different HIs in the same type (both absolute and relative), but correlations are weak between relative and absolute threshold HIs. Because relative and absolute HIs show contrasting trends, the choice of HI is therefore critical for future analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the dynamic structural relationship between oil price shocks and stock market returns or volatility for a sample of both net oil-exporting and net oil importing countries between 1995:09 and 2013:07.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology1, University of Bergen2, University of Portsmouth3, Royal Botanic Gardens4, Aarhus University5, Stockholm University6, Norwegian University of Life Sciences7, Research Institute for Nature and Forest8, University of Tromsø9, University of Copenhagen10, Centre national de la recherche scientifique11
TL;DR: Focusing on treeless alpine or Arctic landscapes, the theorethical framework leads to the hypothesis that populations and communities of topographic complex landscapes should be both more resistant and more resilient to climate change than those of topographically simple landscapes.
Abstract: In the face of climate change, populations have two survival options − they can remain in situ and tolerate the new climatic conditions (“stay”), or they can move to track their climatic niches (“go”). For sessile and small-stature organisms like alpine plants, staying requires broad climatic tolerances, realized niche shifts due to changing biotic interactions, acclimation through plasticity, or rapid genetic adaptation. Going, in contrast, requires good dispersal and colonization capacities. Neither the magnitude of climate change experienced locally nor the capacities required for staying/going in response to climate change are constant across landscapes, and both aspects may be strongly affected by local microclimatic variation associated with topographic complexity. We combine ideas from population and community ecology to discuss the effects of topographic complexity in the landscape on the immediate “stay” or “go” opportunities of local populations and communities, and on the selective pressures that may have shaped the stay or go capacities of the species occupying contrasting landscapes. We demonstrate, using example landscapes of different topographical complexity, how species’ thermal niches could be distributed across these landscapes, and how these, in turn, may affect many population and community ecological processes that are related to adaptation or dispersal. Focusing on treeless alpine or Arctic landscapes, where temperature is expected to be a strong determinant, our theorethical framework leads to the hypothesis that populations and communities of topographically complex (rough and patchy) landscapes should be both more resistant and more resilient to climate change than those of topographically simple (flat and homogeneous) landscapes. Our theorethical framework further points to how meta-community dynamics such as mass effects in topographically complex landscapes and extinction lags in simple landscapes, may mask and delay the long-term outcomes of these landscape differences under rapidly changing climates.