Showing papers by "Ghent University published in 2016"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.
For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.
Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
5,187 citations
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015, finding several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS.
4,804 citations
TL;DR: Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging are presented.
Abstract: Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography : An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging
4,020 citations
Mariachiara Di Cesare1, Mariachiara Di Cesare2, James Bentham2, Gretchen A Stevens3 +738 more•Institutions (60)
TL;DR: The posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue, is calculated.
3,766 citations
Imperial College London1, University of Barcelona2, Keio University3, University of Duisburg-Essen4, Queen's University5, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre6, University of Michigan7, University of São Paulo8, Yale University9, Northern General Hospital10, University of Caen Lower Normandy11, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center12, University of Oxford13, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center14, University of Sydney15, Sungkyunkwan University16, Seoul National University17, Kyorin University18, University of Copenhagen19, Nippon Medical School20, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven21, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center22, University of Antwerp23, Hyogo College of Medicine24, University of Western Australia25, Glenfield Hospital26, Cleveland Clinic27, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai28, University of Turin29, Université libre de Bruxelles30, Juntendo University31, National Cancer Research Institute32, Mayo Clinic33, University of Toronto34, Sinai Grace Hospital35, Netherlands Cancer Institute36, Hiroshima University37, City of Hope National Medical Center38, University of Chicago39, New York University40, Georgetown University41, University of Tokushima42, University of Pisa43, Osaka University44, University of Valencia45, Good Samaritan Hospital46, Military Medical Academy47, Fundación Favaloro48, Autonomous University of Barcelona49, Complutense University of Madrid50, University of Oviedo51, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens52, Rovira i Virgili University53, Autonomous University of Madrid54, Ghent University55
TL;DR: The methods used to evaluate the resultant Stage groupings and the proposals put forward for the 8th edition of the TNM Classification for lung cancer due to be published late 2016 are described.
2,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence, defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014.
2,782 citations
TL;DR: The primary goal of this update is to simplify the approach and thus increase the utility of the guidelines in daily clinical practice.
Abstract: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is an integral part of the routine evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms of dyspnea or heart failure. The 2009 American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and European Association of Echocardiography (now European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging [EACVI]) guidelines for diastolic function assessment were comprehensive, including several two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler parameters to grade diastolic dysfunction and to estimate LV filling pressures.1 Notwithstanding, the inclusion of many parameters in the guidelines was perceived to render diastolic function assessment too complex, because several readers have interpreted the guidelines as mandating all the listed parameters in the document to fall within specified values before assigning a specific grade. The primary goal of this update is to simplify the approach and thus increase the utility of the guidelines in daily clinical practice.
LV diastolic dysfunction is usually the result of impaired LV relaxation with or without …
2,541 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the state-of-the-art in NFV and identify promising research directions in this area, and also overview key NFV projects, standardization efforts, early implementations, use cases, and commercial products.
Abstract: Network function virtualization (NFV) has drawn significant attention from both industry and academia as an important shift in telecommunication service provisioning. By decoupling network functions (NFs) from the physical devices on which they run, NFV has the potential to lead to significant reductions in operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenses (CAPEX) and facilitate the deployment of new services with increased agility and faster time-to-value. The NFV paradigm is still in its infancy and there is a large spectrum of opportunities for the research community to develop new architectures, systems and applications, and to evaluate alternatives and trade-offs in developing technologies for its successful deployment. In this paper, after discussing NFV and its relationship with complementary fields of software defined networking (SDN) and cloud computing, we survey the state-of-the-art in NFV, and identify promising research directions in this area. We also overview key NFV projects, standardization efforts, early implementations, use cases, and commercial products.
1,634 citations
James Bentham1, Mariachiara Di Cesare1, Mariachiara Di Cesare2, Gretchen A Stevens3 +787 more•Institutions (246)
TL;DR: The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
Abstract: Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3–19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8–144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
1,348 citations
TL;DR: The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) as discussed by the authors is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data.
Abstract: . The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data. Ever since its development in 2011, the model has been regularly revised, aiming at the optimal incorporation of new satellite-observed geophysical variables, and improving the representation of physical processes. In this study, the next version of this model (v3) is presented. Key changes relative to the previous version include (1) a revised formulation of the evaporative stress, (2) an optimized drainage algorithm, and (3) a new soil moisture data assimilation system. GLEAM v3 is used to produce three new data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, including a 36-year data set spanning 1980–2015, referred to as v3a (based on satellite-observed soil moisture, vegetation optical depth and snow-water equivalent, reanalysis air temperature and radiation, and a multi-source precipitation product), and two satellite-based data sets. The latter share most of their forcing, except for the vegetation optical depth and soil moisture, which are based on observations from different passive and active C- and L-band microwave sensors (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative, ESA CCI) for the v3b data set (spanning 2003–2015) and observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite in the v3c data set (spanning 2011–2015). Here, these three data sets are described in detail, compared against analogous data sets generated using the previous version of GLEAM (v2), and validated against measurements from 91 eddy-covariance towers and 2325 soil moisture sensors across a broad range of ecosystems. Results indicate that the quality of the v3 soil moisture is consistently better than the one from v2: average correlations against in situ surface soil moisture measurements increase from 0.61 to 0.64 in the case of the v3a data set and the representation of soil moisture in the second layer improves as well, with correlations increasing from 0.47 to 0.53. Similar improvements are observed for the v3b and c data sets. Despite regional differences, the quality of the evaporation fluxes remains overall similar to the one obtained using the previous version of GLEAM, with average correlations against eddy-covariance measurements ranging between 0.78 and 0.81 for the different data sets. These global data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture are now openly available at www.GLEAM.eu and may be used for large-scale hydrological applications, climate studies, or research on land–atmosphere feedbacks.
1,282 citations
TL;DR: It is found that ligand binding to the NC surface is highly dynamic, and therefore, ligands are easily lost during the isolation and purification procedures, and when a small amount of both oleic acid and oleylamine is added, the NCs can be purified, maintaining optical, colloidal, and material integrity.
Abstract: Lead halide perovskite materials have attracted significant attention in the context of photovoltaics and other optoelectronic applications, and recently, research efforts have been directed to nanostructured lead halide perovskites. Collodial nanocrystals (NCs) of cesium lead halides (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) exhibit bright photoluminescence, with emission tunable over the entire visible spectral region. However, previous studies on CsPbX3 NCs did not address key aspects of their chemistry and photophysics such as surface chemistry and quantitative light absorption. Here, we elaborate on the synthesis of CsPbBr3 NCs and their surface chemistry. In addition, the intrinsic absorption coefficient was determined experimentally by combining elemental analysis with accurate optical absorption measurements. 1H solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize sample purity, elucidate the surface chemistry, and evaluate the influence of purification methods on the surface composition. We fi...
04 Mar 2016
TL;DR: The reactive force field (ReaxFF) interatomic potential is a powerful computational tool for exploring, developing and optimizing material properties as mentioned in this paper, but it is often too computationally intense for simulations that consider the full dynamic evolution of a system.
Abstract: The reactive force-field (ReaxFF) interatomic potential is a powerful computational tool for exploring, developing and optimizing material properties. Methods based on the principles of quantum mechanics (QM), while offering valuable theoretical guidance at the electronic level, are often too computationally intense for simulations that consider the full dynamic evolution of a system. Alternatively, empirical interatomic potentials that are based on classical principles require significantly fewer computational resources, which enables simulations to better describe dynamic processes over longer timeframes and on larger scales. Such methods, however, typically require a predefined connectivity between atoms, precluding simulations that involve reactive events. The ReaxFF method was developed to help bridge this gap. Approaching the gap from the classical side, ReaxFF casts the empirical interatomic potential within a bond-order formalism, thus implicitly describing chemical bonding without expensive QM calculations. This article provides an overview of the development, application, and future directions of the ReaxFF method.
TL;DR: The exact nature of the embryonic progenitors that give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages is still debated, and the mechanisms enabling macrophage population maintenance in the adult are undefined.
Ghent University1, Forschungszentrum Jülich2, Aalto University3, Åbo Akademi University4, Vienna University of Technology5, Duke University6, University of Grenoble7, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne8, Durham University9, International School for Advanced Studies10, Max Planck Society11, Uppsala University12, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society13, Humboldt University of Berlin14, Technical University of Denmark15, National Institute of Standards and Technology16, University of Udine17, Université catholique de Louvain18, University of Basel19, Harvard University20, University of California, Davis21, Rutgers University22, University of York23, Wake Forest University24, Science and Technology Facilities Council25, University of Oxford26, University of Vienna27, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology28, Dresden University of Technology29, Radboud University Nijmegen30, University of Tokyo31, Centre national de la recherche scientifique32, University of Cambridge33, Royal Holloway, University of London34, University of California, Santa Barbara35, University of Luxembourg36, Los Alamos National Laboratory37, Harbin Institute of Technology38
TL;DR: A procedure to assess the precision of DFT methods was devised and used to demonstrate reproducibility among many of the most widely used DFT codes, demonstrating that the precisionof DFT implementations can be determined, even in the absence of one absolute reference code.
Abstract: The widespread popularity of density functional theory has given rise to an extensive range of dedicated codes for predicting molecular and crystalline properties. However, each code implements the formalism in a different way, raising questions about the reproducibility of such predictions. We report the results of a community-wide effort that compared 15 solid-state codes, using 40 different potentials or basis set types, to assess the quality of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof equations of state for 71 elemental crystals. We conclude that predictions from recent codes and pseudopotentials agree very well, with pairwise differences that are comparable to those between different high-precision experiments. Older methods, however, have less precise agreement. Our benchmark provides a framework for users and developers to document the precision of new applications and methodological improvements.
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: This paper describes the SemEval 2016 shared task on Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), a continuation of the respective tasks of 2014 and 2015, which attracted 245 submissions from 29 teams and provided 19 training and 20 testing datasets.
Abstract: This paper describes the SemEval 2016 shared task on Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), a continuation of the respective tasks of 2014 and 2015. In its third year, the task provided 19 training and 20 testing datasets for 8 languages and 7 domains, as well as a common evaluation procedure. From these datasets, 25 were for sentence-level and 14 for text-level ABSA; the latter was introduced for the first time as a subtask in SemEval. The task attracted 245 submissions from 29 teams.
Tel Aviv University1, Columbia University2, University of Oxford3, Karolinska Institutet4, Ghent University5, University College Cork6, National Institutes of Health7, Eötvös Loránd University8, Semmelweis University9, University of Lorraine10, University of Oviedo11, University of Haifa12, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy13, Leipzig University14
TL;DR: The evidence for restricting access to lethal means in prevention of suicide has strengthened since 2005, especially with regard to control of analgesics and hot-spots for suicide by jumping.
TL;DR: Overall the flux of HOCs bioaccumulated from natural prey overwhelms the flux from ingested microplastics for most habitats, which implies that microplastic ingestion is not likely to increase the exposure to and thus risks of H OCs in the marine environment.
Abstract: The hypothesis that ‘microplastic will transfer hazardous hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC) to marine animals’ has been central to the perceived hazard and risk of plastic in the marine environment. The hypothesis is often cited and has gained momentum, turning it into paradigm status. We provide a critical evaluation of the scientific literature regarding this hypothesis. Using new calculations based on published studies, we explain the sometimes contrasting views and unify them in one interpretive framework. One explanation for the contrasting views among studies is that they test different hypotheses. When reframed in the context of the above hypothesis, the available data become consistent. We show that HOC microplastic-water partitioning can be assumed to be at equilibrium for most microplastic residing in the oceans. We calculate the fraction of total HOC sorbed by plastics to be small compared to that sorbed by other media in the ocean. We further demonstrate consistency among (a) measured HOC tr...
TL;DR: This mini-review highlights the existing vitrimer systems in the period 2011–2015 with the main focus on their chemical origin.
Abstract: Most covalent adaptable networks give highly interesting properties for material processing such as reshaping, recycling and repairing. Classical thermally reversible chemical cross-links allow for a heat-triggered switch between materials that behave as insoluble cured resins, and liquid thermoplastic materials, through a fully reversible sol–gel transition. In 2011, a new class of materials, coined vitrimers, was introduced, which extended the realm of adaptable organic polymer networks. Such materials have the remarkable property that they can be thermally processed in a liquid state without losing network integrity. This feature renders the materials processable like vitreous glass, not requiring precise temperature control. In this mini-review, an overview of the state-of-the-art in the quickly emerging field of vitrimer materials is presented. With a main focus on the chemical origins of their unique thermal behavior, the existing chemical systems and their properties will be discussed. Furthermore, future prospects and challenges in this important research field are highlighted.
National Research Council1, Ghent University2, University of Sassari3, Institut national de la recherche agronomique4, ANSES5, Complutense University of Madrid6, Namik Kemal University7, University of Hohenheim8, Université catholique de Louvain9, Technical University of Denmark10, University of Turku11
TL;DR: The results of a collaborative integrated work which aims to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000–2013 and to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection were described.
Abstract: Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000–2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum, 479 F. culmorum, and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. graminearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F. culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified.
Proceedings Article•
01 May 2016TL;DR: This article reviews mostly known but often underappreciated properties relating to the evaluation and interpretation of generative models with a focus on image models and shows that three of the currently most commonly used criteria---average log-likelihood, Parzen window estimates, and visual fidelity of samples---are largely independent of each other when the data is high-dimensional.
Abstract: Probabilistic generative models can be used for compression, denoising, inpainting, texture synthesis, semi-supervised learning, unsupervised feature learning, and other tasks. Given this wide range of applications, it is not surprising that a lot of heterogeneity exists in the way these models are formulated, trained, and evaluated. As a consequence, direct comparison between models is often difficult. This article reviews mostly known but often underappreciated properties relating to the evaluation and interpretation of generative models with a focus on image models. In particular, we show that three of the currently most commonly used criteria---average log-likelihood, Parzen window estimates, and visual fidelity of samples---are largely independent of each other when the data is high-dimensional. Good performance with respect to one criterion therefore need not imply good performance with respect to the other criteria. Our results show that extrapolation from one criterion to another is not warranted and generative models need to be evaluated directly with respect to the application(s) they were intended for. In addition, we provide examples demonstrating that Parzen window estimates should generally be avoided.
TL;DR: A feature learning model for condition monitoring based on convolutional neural networks is proposed to autonomously learn useful features for bearing fault detection from the data itself and significantly outperforms the classical feature-engineering based approach which uses manually engineered features and a random forest classifier.
National Institutes of Health1, European Society of Cardiology2, Ghent University3, Karolinska Institutet4, Lille University of Science and Technology5, Charles University in Prague6, Hospital Universitario La Paz7, University of Sarajevo8, Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education9, University of Latvia10, Ljubljana University Medical Centre11, University of Ioannina12, University of Würzburg13, Vilnius University14, University Hospital Centre Zagreb15, Nicosia General Hospital16, Jagiellonian University Medical College17, University of Zagreb18, Valve Corporation19, Hacettepe University20, University of Banja Luka21
TL;DR: A large majority of coronary patients do not achieve the guideline standards for secondary prevention with high prevalences of persistent smoking, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and consequently most patients are overweight or obese with a high prevalence of diabetes.
Abstract: AimsTo determine whether the Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular prevention are being followed in everyday clinical practice of secondary prevention and to describe the lifestyle,...
Technical University of Madrid1, Carlos III Health Institute2, Ghent University3, University of Zaragoza4, University of Copenhagen5, University of Tromsø6, Harokopio University7, Robert Koch Institute8, Medical Research Council9, Medical University of Graz10, VU University Amsterdam11, University of Iceland12, National Institutes of Health13, University of Helsinki14, Loyola University Chicago15, University College Cork16
TL;DR: Vitamin D deficiency is evident throughout the European population at prevalence rates that are concerning and that require action from a public health perspective, and what direction these strategies take will depend on European policy.
University of California, San Diego1, Australian Catholic University2, University of Hong Kong3, Arizona State University4, University of British Columbia5, Emory University6, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston7, University of Southern Denmark8, Staffordshire University9, University of Canberra10, Palacký University, Olomouc11, The Catholic University of America12, Federal University of Paraná13, University of Los Andes14, Auckland University of Technology15, Ghent University16, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute17
TL;DR: Design of urban environments has the potential to contribute substantially to physical activity and similarity of findings across cities suggests the promise of engaging urban planning, transportation, and parks sectors in efforts to reduce the health burden of the global physical inactivity pandemic.
TL;DR: The Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) dataset as discussed by the authors is a global precipitation dataset for the period 1979-2015 with a 3-hourly temporal and 0.25° spatial resolution designed for hydrological modeling.
Abstract: . Current global precipitation (P) datasets do not take full advantage of the complementary nature of satellite and reanalysis data. Here, we present Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) version 1.1, a global P dataset for the period 1979–2015 with a 3-hourly temporal and 0.25° spatial resolution, specifically designed for hydrological modeling. The design philosophy of MSWEP was to optimally merge the highest quality P data sources available as a function of timescale and location. The long-term mean of MSWEP was based on the CHPclim dataset but replaced with more accurate regional datasets where available. A correction for gauge under-catch and orographic effects was introduced by inferring catchment-average P from streamflow (Q) observations at 13 762 stations across the globe. The temporal variability of MSWEP was determined by weighted averaging of P anomalies from seven datasets; two based solely on interpolation of gauge observations (CPC Unified and GPCC), three on satellite remote sensing (CMORPH, GSMaP-MVK, and TMPA 3B42RT), and two on atmospheric model reanalysis (ERA-Interim and JRA-55). For each grid cell, the weight assigned to the gauge-based estimates was calculated from the gauge network density, while the weights assigned to the satellite- and reanalysis-based estimates were calculated from their comparative performance at the surrounding gauges. The quality of MSWEP was compared against four state-of-the-art gauge-adjusted P datasets (WFDEI-CRU, GPCP-1DD, TMPA 3B42, and CPC Unified) using independent P data from 125 FLUXNET tower stations around the globe. MSWEP obtained the highest daily correlation coefficient (R) among the five P datasets for 60.0 % of the stations and a median R of 0.67 vs. 0.44–0.59 for the other datasets. We further evaluated the performance of MSWEP using hydrological modeling for 9011 catchments ( http://www.gloh2o.org .
TL;DR: Distinct CRS clusters with diverse inflammatory mechanisms largely correlated with phenotypes and further differentiated them and provided a more accurate description of the inflammatory mechanisms involved than phenotype information only.
Abstract: Background Current phenotyping of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) into chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) might not adequately reflect the pathophysiologic diversity within patients with CRS. Objective We sought to identify inflammatory endotypes of CRS. Therefore we aimed to cluster patients with CRS based solely on immune markers in a phenotype-free approach. Secondarily, we aimed to match clusters to phenotypes. Methods In this multicenter case-control study patients with CRS and control subjects underwent surgery, and tissue was analyzed for IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-22, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, eosinophilic cationic protein, myeloperoxidase, TGF-β1, IgE, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin–specific IgE, and albumin. We used partition-based clustering. Results Clustering of 173 cases resulted in 10 clusters, of which 4 clusters with low or undetectable IL-5, eosinophilic cationic protein, IgE, and albumin concentrations, and 6 clusters with high concentrations of those markers. The group of IL-5–negative clusters, 3 clusters clinically resembled a predominant chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) phenotype without increased asthma prevalence, and 1 cluster had a T H 17 profile and had mixed CRSsNP/CRSwNP. The IL-5–positive clusters were divided into a group with moderate IL-5 concentrations, a mixed CRSsNP/CRSwNP and increased asthma phenotype, and a group with high IL-5 levels, an almost exclusive nasal polyp phenotype with strongly increased asthma prevalence. In the latter group, 2 clusters demonstrated the highest concentrations of IgE and asthma prevalence, with all samples expressing Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin–specific IgE. Conclusion Distinct CRS clusters with diverse inflammatory mechanisms largely correlated with phenotypes and further differentiated them and provided a more accurate description of the inflammatory mechanisms involved than phenotype information only.
TL;DR: Numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogels construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
Abstract: Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
TL;DR: The research suggests that there are several advantages to 3D-printed applications, but that further research is needed to determine whether the increased intervention costs can be balanced with the observable advantages of this new technology.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printing has numerous applications and has gained much interest in the medical world. The constantly improving quality of 3D-printing applications has contributed to their increased use on patients. This paper summarizes the literature on surgical 3D-printing applications used on patients, with a focus on reported clinical and economic outcomes. Three major literature databases were screened for case series (more than three cases described in the same study) and trials of surgical applications of 3D printing in humans. 227 surgical papers were analyzed and summarized using an evidence table. The papers described the use of 3D printing for surgical guides, anatomical models, and custom implants. 3D printing is used in multiple surgical domains, such as orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, cranial surgery, and spinal surgery. In general, the advantages of 3D-printed parts are said to include reduced surgical time, improved medical outcome, and decreased radiation exposure. The costs of printing and additional scans generally increase the overall cost of the procedure. 3D printing is well integrated in surgical practice and research. Applications vary from anatomical models mainly intended for surgical planning to surgical guides and implants. Our research suggests that there are several advantages to 3D-printed applications, but that further research is needed to determine whether the increased intervention costs can be balanced with the observable advantages of this new technology. There is a need for a formal cost–effectiveness analysis.
Vardan Khachatryan1, Albert M. Sirunyan1, Armen Tumasyan1, Wolfgang Adam +2283 more•Institutions (141)
TL;DR: Combined fits to CMS UE proton–proton data at 7TeV and to UEProton–antiproton data from the CDF experiment at lower s, are used to study the UE models and constrain their parameters, providing thereby improved predictions for proton-proton collisions at 13.
Abstract: New sets of parameters ("tunes") for the underlying-event (UE) modeling of the PYTHIA8, PYTHIA6 and HERWIG++ Monte Carlo event generators are constructed using different parton distribution functions. Combined fits to CMS UE data at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and to UE data from the CDF experiment at lower sqrt(s), are used to study the UE models and constrain their parameters, providing thereby improved predictions for proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV. In addition, it is investigated whether the values of the parameters obtained from fits to UE observables are consistent with the values determined from fitting observables sensitive to double-parton scattering processes. Finally, comparisons of the UE tunes to "minimum bias" (MB) events, multijet, and Drell-Yan (q q-bar to Z / gamma* to lepton-antilepton + jets) observables at 7 and 8 TeV are presented, as well as predictions of MB and UE observables at 13 TeV.
Nicholas J Kassebaum1, Ryan M Barber1, Zulfiqar A Bhutta2, Zulfiqar A Bhutta3 +613 more•Institutions (272)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories.