Kyoto University

About: Kyoto University is a education organization based out in Kyoto, Japan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Catalysis & Population. The organization has 85837 authors who have published 217215 publications receiving 6526826 citations. The organization is also known as: Kyōto University & Kyōto daigaku.

Application of Akaike's information criterion (AIC) in the evaluation of linear pharmacokinetic equations.

Abstract: According to linear pharmacokinetics, the time course of plasma concentration of a drug, Cp,is expressed by a sum of exponential functions, Cp=ei=1nai\(C_p = \sum olimits_{i = 1}^n {a_i e^{ - b_i t} } \).This article describes a statistical technique to estimate the number of exponential terms, n,for the time course of drug by the application of Akaike's information criterion (AIC). Plasma concentrations of ethoxybenzamide, sulfisoxazole, bishydroxycoumarin, and diazepam measured following bolus intravenous injection were used as clinical examples for this method. Selection of models is compared between the AIC method and an Ftest method at significance levels of 5% and 1%.

An integrated map of structural variation in 2,504 human genomes

Abstract: Structural variants are implicated in numerous diseases and make up the majority of varying nucleotides among human genomes. Here we describe an integrated set of eight structural variant classes comprising both balanced and unbalanced variants, which we constructed using short-read DNA sequencing data and statistically phased onto haplotype blocks in 26 human populations. Analysing this set, we identify numerous gene-intersecting structural variants exhibiting population stratification and describe naturally occurring homozygous gene knockouts that suggest the dispensability of a variety of human genes. We demonstrate that structural variants are enriched on haplotypes identified by genome-wide association studies and exhibit enrichment for expression quantitative trait loci. Additionally, we uncover appreciable levels of structural variant complexity at different scales, including genic loci subject to clusters of repeated rearrangement and complex structural variants with multiple breakpoints likely to have formed through individual mutational events. Our catalogue will enhance future studies into structural variant demography, functional impact and disease association.

Role of Frontier Orbitals in Chemical Reactions

Abstract: Since the 3rd century for more than a thousand years chemistry has been thought of as a complicated, hard-to-predict science. Efforts to improve even a part of its unpredictable character are said to have born fruit first of all in the success of the \" electronic theory \". This was founded mainly by organic chemists , such as Fry, Stieglitz, Lucas, Lapworth and Sidgwick, brought to a completed form by Robinson and Ingold, and developed later by many other chemists. 1 In the electronic theory, the mode of migration of electrons in molecules is noted and is considered under various judgements. For that purpose, a criterion is necessary with respect to the number of electrons which should originally exist in an atom or a bond in a molecule. Therefore, it can be said to be the concept by Lewis of the sharing of electrons that has given a firm basis to the electronic theory. 2 In the organic electronic theory, the chemical concepts such as acid and base, oxidation and reduction and so on, have been conveniently utilized from a long time ago. Furthermore, there are terms centring closer around the electron concept, such as electrophilicity and nucleophilicity, and electron donor and acceptor both being pairs of relative concepts. One may be aware that these concepts can be connected qualitatively to the scale of electron density or electric charge. In the electronic theory, the static and dynamic behaviours of molecules are explained by the electronic effects which are based on nothing but the distribution of electrons in a molecule. The mode of charge distribution in a molecule can be sketched to some extent by the use of the electronegativity concept of atoms through organic chemical experience. At the same time, it is given foundation, made quantitative , and supported by physical measurements of electron distribution and theoretical calculations based on quantum theory. The distribution of electrons or electric charge-with either use the result is unchanged-in a molecule is usually represented by the total numbers (generally not integer) of electrons in each atom and each bond, and it was a concept easily acceptable even to empirical chemists as having a tolerably realistic meaning. Therefore, chemists employed the electron density as a fundamental concept to explain or to comprehend various phenomena. In particular, for the purpose of promoting chemical investigations, researchers usually rely upon the analogy through experience, and the electron density …

Activation of the Estrogen Receptor Through Phosphorylation by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

Abstract: The phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor (ER) serine residue at position 118 is required for full activity of the ER activation function 1 (AF-1). This Ser118 is phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in vitro and in cells treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in vivo. Overexpression of MAPK kinase (MAPKK) or of the guanine nucleotide binding protein Ras, both of which activate MAPK, enhanced estrogen-induced and antiestrogen (tamoxifen)-induced transcriptional activity of wild-type ER, but not that of a mutant ER with an alanine in place of Ser118. Thus, the activity of the amino-terminal AF-1 of the ER is modulated by the phosphorylation of Ser118 through the Ras-MAPK cascade of the growth factor signaling pathways.

Cultures in chimpanzees

Abstract: As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans8,9,10,11. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds12,13. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures14 but previously unrecognised in non-human species.