Showing papers in "Immunity in 2018"

TL;DR: An extensive immunogenomic analysis of more than 10,000 tumors comprising 33 diverse cancer types by utilizing data compiled by TCGA identifies six immune subtypes that encompass multiple cancer types and are hypothesized to define immune response patterns impacting prognosis.

TL;DR: The roles of the PD-1-PD-L1 axis in cancer is reviewed, focusing on recent findings on the mechanisms that regulate PD-L 1 expression at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and protein level, to inform the design of more precise and effective cancer immune checkpoint therapies.

TL;DR: It is reported that the pyroptosis regulator gasdermin D (GSDMD) was necessary for IL‐1 secretion from living macrophages that have been exposed to inflammasome activators, such as bacteria and their products or host‐derived oxidized lipids.

TL;DR: How human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages is discussed and tissue localization and subset delineation are highlighted as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses.

TL;DR: High‐dimensional cytometry reveals that microglia, several subsets of border‐associated macrophages and dendritic cells coexist in the CNS at steady state and exhibit disease‐specific transformations in the immune microenvironment during aging and in models of Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

TL;DR: It is found that activating the non‐canonical NF‐&kgr;B transcription factor pathway amplified IL‐12‐producing DCs and sensitized tumors to anti‐PD‐1 treatment, suggesting a therapeutic strategy to improve responses to checkpoint blockade.

TL;DR: A distinct differentiation fate of autoreactive naive B cells into PC precursors with hyper‐responsiveness to innate stimuli is defined as well as establishes prominence of extra‐follicular B cell activation in SLE, and identifies therapeutic targets.

TL;DR: The role of AhR in the regulation of the immune response in the context of autoimmunity, infection, and cancer is discussed, as well as the potential opportunities and challenges of developing AhR-targeted therapeutics.

TL;DR: Emerging concepts in monocyte heterogeneity, emergency monopoiesis, and trained immunity are outlined and discussed and how these bring new perspectives to monocyte research are discussed.

TL;DR: A library of congenic tumor cell clones from an autochthonous mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is established, identifying heterogeneous and multifactorial pathways regulating tumor‐cell‐intrinsic mechanisms that dictate the immune microenvironment and thereby responses to immunotherapy.

TL;DR: Current understanding of the mechanisms whereby common drivers of tumorigenesis modulate the tumor immune milieu is reviewed and how cancer‐cell‐intrinsic properties can be exploited to maximize the benefit of immunomodulatory therapies is examined.

TL;DR: A diet rich in the fermentable fiber inulin and the associated metabolites—short‐chain fatty acids—improve the response of mice to influenza infection by dampening deleterious immunopathology caused by neutrophils while enhancing anti‐viral CD8+ T cell responses through a boost in T cell metabolism.

TL;DR: It is shown that TREM2 is essential for microglia‐mediated synaptic refinement during the early stages of brain development, and also reduced in autistic patients, suggesting that the receptor may be involved in neurodevelopmental diseases.

TL;DR: A workflow of characterizing bone marrow neutrophil subsets on the basis of their proliferative capacity and molecular signatures is demonstrated and thereby define the developmental trajectory and functional properties of neutrophils.

TL;DR: A framework for rationally designing combination therapy strategies based on enhancing major discriminatory functions of the immune system that are corrupted by cancer-namely, antigenicity, adjuvanticity, and homeostatic feedback inhibition is discussed.

TL;DR: How the properties of individual memory T cells fall on a continuum influences the way that the efficacy of vaccination is assessed, as well as the suitability of a memory population for protective immunity is discussed.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hepatocyte‐released HMGB1 mediates caspase‐11‐dependent pyroptosis and lethality in sepsis by delivering extracellular LPS into the cytosol of macrophages and endothelial cells, where LPS activates casp enzyme‐11.

TL;DR: The results reveal that the anti‐tumor response of NK cells critically depends on the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, similar to its role in defense against pathogens, and identify tumor‐derived cGAMP as a major determinant of tumor immunogenicity with implications for cancer immunotherapy.

TL;DR: It is shown that detection of the microbial metabolite succinate by tuft cells in the small intestine is sufficient to induce a type 2 immune response, suggesting that tuFT cells monitor microbial metabolites to initiate type 2 immunity.

TL;DR: Using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing, Wang et al. as discussed by the authors identified nine peripheral LN non-endothelial stromal cells (SCs) clusters, including Ccl19hi T-zone reticular cells (TRCs), marginal RETicular cells, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), and perivascular cells.

TL;DR: By operating in both costimulation‐independent and bystander signaling mode, PD‐1 suppresses follicular T cell recruitment but promotes Tfh cell concentration in the GC territory and helps maintain the stringency of GC affinity selection.

TL;DR: Evidence is examined for the role of maternal and fetal immune responses affecting pregnancy and fetal development, both under homeostasis and following infection.

TL;DR: Using high‐throughput single‐cell RNA‐seq, Crinier et al. provide conserved tissue‐specific gene signatures of NK cells from spleen and blood and identified two major NK cell subsets transcriptionally similar across organs and species.

TL;DR: It is found that upon virus infection, Manganese (Mn2+) is released from organelles into the cytosol and facilitates the activation of cGAS and STING.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that developmental plasticity of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells is important in promoting functionally versatile memory cells and long‐term protective immunity and drives functional diversity within memory T cell lineages and promotes enhanced anti‐influenza and anti‐tumor immunity.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence showing how HSCs and their progeny are regulated by an interdependent network of mesenchymal stromal cells, nerve fibers, the vasculature, and also other hematopoietic cells is reviewed.

TL;DR: Epitope-based and antibody lineage-based HIV-1 vaccine approaches are being readied for human clinical trials, with proof of principle achieved with select HIV- 1-neutralizing antibody lineages in human-gene knock-in mouse models.

TL;DR: Historical and recent paradigms in the HIV‐1 persistence field are discussed as well as novel immunologic and pharmacologic strategies for eliminating this reservoir, which is now the focus of an intense international research effort.

TL;DR: The data reveal dominant influences of precursor frequency, affinity, and avidity for interclonal GC competition and indicate that germline‐targeting immunogens can overcome these challenges with high‐affinity multimeric designs.

TL;DR: The secreted molecules by which Parasitic helminths modulate the immune system, preventing immune‐mediated ejection and suppressing immune‐ mediated diseases are described and the methods by which these molecules have evolved are described.