Showing papers by "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published in 2019"
TL;DR: Stroke and ischaemic heart disease were the leading causes of death and DALYs at the national level in China in 2017, and China has made substantial progress in reducing the burden of many diseases and disabilities.
1,874 citations
TL;DR: The evidence from this survey poses serious challenges related to the high burdens of disease identified, but also offers valuable opportunities for policy makers and health-care professionals to explore and address the factors that affect mental health in China.
1,048 citations
TL;DR: Crystal structures indicated that EK1 can form a stable six-helix bundle structure with both short α-HCoV and long β-H CoV HR1s, further supporting the role of HR1 region as a viable pan-CoV target site.
Abstract: Continuously emerging highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) remain a major threat to human health, as illustrated in past SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks. The development of a drug with broad-spectrum HCoV inhibitory activity would address this urgent unmet medical need. Although previous studies have suggested that the HR1 of HCoV spike (S) protein is an important target site for inhibition against specific HCoVs, whether this conserved region could serve as a target for the development of broad-spectrum pan-CoV inhibitor remains controversial. Here, we found that peptide OC43-HR2P, derived from the HR2 domain of HCoV-OC43, exhibited broad fusion inhibitory activity against multiple HCoVs. EK1, the optimized form of OC43-HR2P, showed substantially improved pan-CoV fusion inhibitory activity and pharmaceutical properties. Crystal structures indicated that EK1 can form a stable six-helix bundle structure with both short α-HCoV and long β-HCoV HR1s, further supporting the role of HR1 region as a viable pan-CoV target site.
375 citations
TL;DR: There were marked differences in the spatial patterns of mortality, prevalence, and DALYs of CVD overall as well as its main subcategories, including isChemic heart disease, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic stroke.
Abstract: Importance Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the top cause of death in China. To our knowledge, no consistent and comparable assessments of CVD burden have been produced at subnational levels, and little is understood about the spatial patterns and temporal trends of CVD in China. Objective To determine the national and province-level burden of CVD from 1990 to 2016 in China. Design, Setting, and Participants Following the methodology framework and analytical strategies used in the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study, the mortality, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of CVD in the Chinese population were examined by age, sex, and year and according to 10 subcategories. Estimates were produced for all province-level administrative units of mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. Exposures Residence in China. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality, prevalence, and DALYs of CVD. Results The annual number of deaths owing to CVD increased from 2.51 million to 3.97 million between 1990 and 2016; the age-standardized mortality rate fell by 28.7%, from 431.6 per 100 000 persons in 1990 to 307.9 per 100 000 in 2016. Prevalent cases of CVD doubled since 1990, reaching nearly 94 million in 2016. The age-standardized prevalence rate of CVD overall increased significantly from 1990 to 2016 by 14.7%, as did rates for ischemic heart disease (19.1%), ischemic stroke (36.6%), cardiomyopathy and myocarditis (23.1%), and endocarditis (26.7%). Substantial reduction in the CVD burden, as measured by age-standardized DALY rate, was observed from 1990 to 2016 nationally, with a greater reduction in women (43.7%) than men (24.7%). There were marked differences in the spatial patterns of mortality, prevalence, and DALYs of CVD overall as well as its main subcategories, including ischemic heart disease, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic stroke. The CVD burden appeared to be lower in coastal provinces with higher economic development. The between-province gap in relative burden of CVD increased from 1990 to 2016, with faster decline in economically developed provinces. Conclusions and Relevance Substantial discrepancies in the total CVD burden and burdens of CVD subcategories have persisted between provinces in China despite a relative decrease in the CVD burden. Geographically targeted considerations are needed to tailor future strategies to enhance CVD health throughout China and in specific provinces.
354 citations
TL;DR: A field trial succeeded in eliminating populations of the mosquito Aedes albopictus through inundative mass release of incompatible Wolbachia-infected males, which were also irradiated to sterilize any accidentally-released females, and so prevent population replacement.
Abstract: The radiation-based sterile insect technique (SIT) has successfully suppressed field populations of several insect pest species, but its effect on mosquito vector control has been limited. The related incompatible insect technique (IIT)-which uses sterilization caused by the maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia-is a promising alternative, but can be undermined by accidental release of females infected with the same Wolbachia strain as the released males. Here we show that combining incompatible and sterile insect techniques (IIT-SIT) enables near elimination of field populations of the world's most invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus. Millions of factory-reared adult males with an artificial triple-Wolbachia infection were released, with prior pupal irradiation of the released mosquitoes to prevent unintentionally released triply infected females from successfully reproducing in the field. This successful field trial demonstrates the feasibility of area-wide application of combined IIT-SIT for mosquito vector control.
342 citations
TL;DR: A Perspective discussing the factors that have contributed to the success and failure of point-of-care tests for resource-limited settings and the challenges and opportunities that exist for developing new infectious disease diagnostics.
Abstract: Copyright: 2018. Due to copyright restrictions, the attached PDF file only contains the abstract version of the full-text item. For access to the full-text item, please consult the publisher's website. The definitive version of the work is published in Nature Microbiology, vol 4, pp. 46-54
336 citations
TL;DR: Lifestyle intervention in people with impaired glucose tolerance delayed the onset of type 2 diabetes and reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events, microvascular complications, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, and increased life expectancy.
278 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that high-alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) is associated with up to 60% of individuals with NAFLD in a Chinese cohort, and an alteration in the gut microbiome drives the condition due to excess endogenous alcohol production.
262 citations
TL;DR: Seven compounds were identified as broad-spectrum inhibitors according to their strong inhibition of replication by four CoVs in vitro at low-micromolar concentrations and emetine blocked MERS-CoV entry according to pseudovirus entry assays and lycorine protected BALB/c mice against HCoV-OC43-induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system.
Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) act as cross-species viruses and have the potential to spread rapidly into new host species and cause epidemic diseases. Despite the severe public health threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), there are currently no drugs available for their treatment; therefore, broad-spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are urgently needed. To search for effective inhibitory agents, we performed high-throughput screening (HTS) of a 2,000-compound library of approved drugs and pharmacologically active compounds using the established genetically engineered human CoV OC43 (HCoV-OC43) strain expressing Renilla luciferase (rOC43-ns2Del-Rluc) and validated the inhibitors using multiple genetically distinct CoVs in vitro We screened 56 hits from the HTS data and validated 36 compounds in vitro using wild-type HCoV-OC43. Furthermore, we identified seven compounds (lycorine, emetine, monensin sodium, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, phenazopyridine, and pyrvinium pamoate) as broad-spectrum inhibitors according to their strong inhibition of replication by four CoVs in vitro at low-micromolar concentrations. Additionally, we found that emetine blocked MERS-CoV entry according to pseudovirus entry assays and that lycorine protected BALB/c mice against HCoV-OC43-induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system. This represents the first demonstration of in vivo real-time bioluminescence imaging to monitor the effect of lycorine on the spread and distribution of HCoV-OC43 in a mouse model. These results offer critical information supporting the development of an effective therapeutic strategy against CoV infection.IMPORTANCE Currently, there is no approved therapy to treat coronavirus infection; therefore, broad-spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are needed. Based on our high-throughput screening assay using a compound library, we identified seven compounds with broad-spectrum efficacy against the replication of four CoVs in vitro Additionally, one compound (lycorine) was found to protect BALB/c mice against HCoV-OC43-induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system. This inhibitor might offer promising therapeutic possibilities for combatting novel CoV infections in the future.
257 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation rate constant of atrazine in Fe3O4/PMS/HA system (0.152 min−1) was 38 times higher than that of the same system without buffer.
Abstract: In this study, we demonstrated that Fe3O4/PMS system in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) was significantly efficient for atrazine degradation under the near-neutral pH (5.0–6.8) (without buffer). The degradation rate constant of atrazine in Fe3O4/PMS/HA system (0.152 min−1) was 38 times of that (0.004 min−1) in Fe3O4/PMS system and even 4.75 times of that (0.032 min−1) in HA/PMS system. In this Fe3O4/PMS/HA system, the roles of HA were mainly two parts. On one hand, 40% atrazine was decomposed through the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by HA as a metal-free activator. On the other hand, the addition of HA could highly promote the surface Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle on the Fe3O4. Meanwhile, the trace dissolved Fe2+ was not the major reason for the atrazine degradation. The reason for different atrazine degradation efficiencies under various aeration conditions was analyzed, which showed that the reduced molecular oxygen was more conducive to accelerate the regeneration of surface Fe(II). Subsequently, the transformation products of HA under different aeration conditions were monitored. What’s more, the reactive species were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments, which revealed that both sulfate radical (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) were responsible for the atrazine degradation, especially sulfate radical. Finally, the reaction mechanism of Fe3O4/PMS/HA system based on the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and the metal-free activation was proposed according to the comprehensive analysis. This study provides an efficient degradation of atrazine organic pollutant in water by the heterogeneous Fenton-like system.
249 citations
Washington University in St. Louis1, Technical University of Madrid2, Beijing Institute of Genomics3, Georgia State University4, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation6, Columbia University7, University of Texas Medical Branch8, Friedrich Loeffler Institute9, National Institutes of Health10, Instituto Biológico11, Albert Einstein College of Medicine12, Erasmus University Rotterdam13, University of Queensland14, University of Marburg15, Humboldt University of Berlin16, Robert Koch Institute17, International Atomic Energy Agency18, University of Pittsburgh19, University of Warwick20, World Health Organization21, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária22, Boston University23, Public Health England24, Kyoto University25, Murdoch University26, Huazhong Agricultural University27, University of São Paulo28, Laval University29, Okayama University30, United States Geological Survey31, United States Department of Agriculture32, Northwestern University33, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai34, Institut de recherche pour le développement35, Ohio State University36, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven37, South Dakota State University38, Novosibirsk State University39, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna40, University of Medicine and Health Sciences41, University of Bergen42, Texas A&M University43, Queen's University Belfast44, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention45, University of Sydney46, University of Oxford47, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory48, Queensland University of Technology49, Colorado State University50, Hokkaido University51, Pasteur Institute52, National University of Singapore53, North Carolina State University54, Universidade Federal de Viçosa55, Fudan University56, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention57
TL;DR: The updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales is presented as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Abstract: In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, United States Department of Agriculture2, University of Naples Federico II3, University of Ljubljana4, Mississippi State University5, University of Texas Medical Branch6, Friedrich Loeffler Institute7, Colorado State University8, Columbia University9, University of California, Irvine10, University of the Free State11, Xinjiang University12, Aix-Marseille University13, International Rice Research Institute14, Scripps Research Institute15, Public Health Agency of Canada16, Mayo Clinic17, Hacettepe University18, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases19, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention20, Kansas State University21, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine22, Paris Diderot University23, University of Queensland24, University of Zurich25, University of Helsinki26, Public Health England27, Seoul National University28, Charité29, Slovak Academy of Sciences30, Karolinska Institutet31, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven32, University of Washington33, Wuhan University of Science and Technology34, University of Louisville35, University of São Paulo36, University of Bari37, Hokkaido University38, University of Hamburg39, Public Health Agency of Sweden40, Washington State University41, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki42, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation43, University of Brasília44, National University of La Plata45, Pasteur Institute46, University of Maryland, Baltimore47, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization48, University of Glasgow49, University of Tokyo50, University of Oxford51, Korea University52, National Research Council53, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University54, North Carolina State University55, Universidade Federal de Viçosa56, Fudan University57, National Institutes of Health58
TL;DR: The updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is presented.
Abstract: In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Bunyavirales was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
University of California, San Francisco1, University of California, San Diego2, University of Oxford3, University of Health and Allied Sciences4, Pennsylvania State University5, Harvard University6, University of Washington7, Mahidol University8, National Institute of Malaria Research9, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria10, University College London11, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation12, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention13, Duke University14, National University of Colombia15, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak16
TL;DR: Authors: Richard G. A. Feachem, Ingrid Chen*, Omar Akbari‡, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Samir Bhatt, Fred Binka, Maciej Boni, Caroline Buckee, Joseph Dieleman, Arjen Dondorp, Neelam Sekhri FeAChem, Scott Filler, Peter Gething, Roly Gosling, Annie Haakenstad.
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp1, Spanish National Research Council2, University of Antwerp3, South African Medical Research Council4, Critical Path Institute5, Harvard University6, University of British Columbia7, university of lille8, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics9, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention10, University of Oxford11, University of Basel12, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute13, Fudan University14, John Radcliffe Hospital15, World Health Organization16
TL;DR: The current landscape of WGS pipelines and applications, and best practices for M.tuberculosis WGS, are outlined, including standards for bioinformatics pipelines, curated repositories of resistance-causing variants, phylogenetic analyses, quality control and standardized reporting.
Abstract: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has rapidly progressed from a research tool to a clinical application for the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis and in public health surveillance. This development has been facilitated by drastic drops in cost, advances in technology and concerted efforts to translate sequencing data into actionable information. There is, however, a risk that, in the absence of a consensus and international standards, the widespread use of WGS technology may result in data and processes that lack harmonization, comparability and validation. In this Review, we outline the current landscape of WGS pipelines and applications, and set out best practices for M. tuberculosis WGS, including standards for bioinformatics pipelines, curated repositories of resistance-causing variants, phylogenetic analyses, quality control and standardized reporting.
TL;DR: Compared with non-accidental mortality, higher effect estimates of heatwaves were observed among deaths from ischemic heart diseases, stroke and respiratory diseases, although the differences were not statistically significant.
TL;DR: Increasing screen time could be a risk factor for being overweight/obesity in children and adolescents, according to this study.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Controlling childhood overweight/obesity would help early prevention on children from getting chronic noncommunicable diseases, exposing to screen for long periods may increase the risk of overweight/obesity due to lack of physical activity and tend to intake too much energy, and the relationship between screen time and overweight/obesity is inconsistent. Thus, the object of the present study was to estimate the relationship between screen time and overweight/obesity in children (<18 years) by systematically review prevalence studies. METHODS We collected data from relevant studies published up to May 2019 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. And all the literatures were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Web of Science. RESULTS A total of 16 studies met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. When compared with the screen time <2 hr/day, an increased overweight/obesity risk among children was shown in the screen time ≥2 hr/day (OR = 1.67; 95% CI [1.48, 1.88], P < .0001). The subgroup analysis showed a positive association between the different types of screen time and overweight/obesity among children. CONCLUSION Based on our study, increasing screen time could be a risk factor for being overweight/obesity in children and adolescents.
TL;DR: The highest PAF among men was smoking in all 31 provinces, whereas among women it varied among low fruit intake (14 provinces), hepatitis B virus infection (seven provinces), smoking (six provinces), excess bodyweight (three provinces), and human papilloma virus infection(one province).
TL;DR: This analysis showed significant associations between short-term PM2.5–10 exposure and daily nonaccidental and cardiopulmonary mortality based on data from 272 cities located throughout China.
Abstract: Background: Coarse particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10μm (PM2.5–10) air pollution is a severe environmental problem in developing countries, but its challenges to public...
TL;DR: The prevalence ofHBV infection in the general population of China was classified as higher intermediate prevalence (5–7.99%), of which more than 90% of the HBV infection population included adults older than 20 years, which was higher than that in children.
Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem in China. Over a decade has passed since the last National Hepatitis Seroepidemiological Survey was conducted in 2006. The lack of updated data on hepatitis B in China makes assessing the current prevalence and burden of the disease inadequate. In response to the above situation, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to provide a better understanding of hepatitis B epidemiology in the general population of China. A systematic search was conducted in international databases (Medline through PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science) and national databases (CBM, CNKI, WanFang Data) to retrieve primary studies published between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017. The pooled prevalence of HBV infection and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Quality assessment, heterogeneity testing and publication bias assessment were also performed. Of the 27 studies included in the meta-analysis, the pooled estimated prevalence of HBV infection in the general population of China from 2013 to 2017 was 6.89% (95% CI:5.84–7.95%), which could be extrapolated to an estimated population of 84 million living with HBsAg in 2018. The prevalence of HBV infection in males was higher than that in females (5.88% vs 5.05%), and rural areas had a higher prevalence than urban areas (5.86% vs 3.29%). The highest prevalence of HBV infection was reported in Western provinces (8.92, 95% CI: 7.19–10.64%). In adults older than 20 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was approximately 7%, which was higher than that in children. The prevalence of HBV infection in the general population of China was classified as higher intermediate prevalence (5–7.99%), of which more than 90% of the HBV infection population included adults older than 20 years. The blocking of mother-to-infant hepatitis B transmission and plans involving timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 h should be implemented. Additionally, improving the quality of life and survival rate of the infected population through antiviral therapy and high-risk adult vaccination will be the priority of our future work. Moreover, various control measures should be implemented in different provinces across China.
TL;DR: A commensal-driven mechanism that contributes to vector competence is defined, and the understanding of multipartite interactions among hosts, the gut microbiome, and viruses is extended.
TL;DR: Influenza was associated with substantial excess respiratory mortality in China between 2010-11 and 2014-15 seasons, especially in older adults aged at least 60 years, and continuous and high-quality surveillance data are needed to improve the estimation of the disease burden attributable to influenza.
Abstract: Summary Background The estimation of influenza-associated excess mortality in countries can help to improve estimates of the global mortality burden attributable to influenza virus infections. We did a study to estimate the influenza-associated excess respiratory mortality in mainland China for the 2010–11 through 2014–15 seasons. Methods We obtained provincial weekly influenza surveillance data and population mortality data for 161 disease surveillance points in 31 provinces in mainland China from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention for the years 2005–15. Disease surveillance points with an annual average mortality rate of less than 0·4% between 2005 and 2015 or an annual mortality rate of less than 0·3% in any given years were excluded. We extracted data for respiratory deaths based on codes J00-J99 under the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Data on respiratory mortality and population were stratified by age group (age Findings We fitted the linear regression model with the data from 22 of 31 provinces in mainland China, representing 83·0% of the total population. We estimated that an annual mean of 88 100 (95% CI 84 200–92 000) influenza-associated excess respiratory deaths occurred in China in the 5 years studied, corresponding to 8·2% (95% CI 7·9–8·6) of respiratory deaths. The mean excess respiratory mortality rates per 100 000 person-seasons for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B viruses were 1·6 (95% CI 1·5–1·7), 2·6 (2·4–2·8), and 2·3 (2·1–2·5), respectively. Estimated excess respiratory mortality rates per 100 000 person-seasons were 1·5 (95% CI 1·1–1·9) for individuals younger than 60 years and 38·5 (36·8–40·2) for individuals aged 60 years or older. Approximately 71 000 (95% CI 67 800–74 100) influenza-associated excess respiratory deaths occurred in individuals aged 60 years or older, corresponding to 80% of such deaths. Interpretation Influenza was associated with substantial excess respiratory mortality in China between 2010–11 and 2014–15 seasons, especially in older adults aged at least 60 years. Continuous and high-quality surveillance data across China are needed to improve the estimation of the disease burden attributable to influenza and the best public health interventions are needed to curb this burden. Funding National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, National Science and Technology Major Project of China, National Institute of Health Research, the Harvard Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and the China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease.
TL;DR: The trends in disease-related dietary factors as well as their associated disease burden among Chinese adults from 1982 to 2012 are characterised to characterise an improvement in several dietary factors in China, but current intakes of these dietary factors remain suboptimal.
TL;DR: The authors determine the regional high temperature thresholds for 27 metropolises in China and analyze the changes to heat-related mortality, showing that the additional global-warming temperature increase of 0.5°C, from 1.5 °C to 2 C, will lead to tens of thousands of additional deaths, annually.
Abstract: The increase in surface air temperature in China has been faster than the global rate, and more high temperature spells are expected to occur in future. Here we assess the annual heat-related mortality in densely populated cities of China at 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming. For this, the urban population is projected under five SSPs, and 31 GCM runs as well as temperature-mortality relation curves are applied. The annual heat-related mortality is projected to increase from 32.1 per million inhabitants annually in 1986–2005 to 48.8–67.1 per million for the 1.5 °C warming and to 59.2–81.3 per million for the 2.0 °C warming, taking improved adaptation capacity into account. Without improved adaptation capacity, heat-related mortality will increase even stronger. If all 831 million urban inhabitants in China are considered, the additional warming from 1.5 °C to 2 °C will lead to more than 27.9 thousand additional heat-related deaths, annually. Heatwaves are expected to increase under climate change, and so are the associated deaths. Here the authors determine the regional high temperature thresholds for 27 metropolises in China and analyze the changes to heat-related mortality, showing that the additional global-warming temperature increase of 0.5°C, from 1.5°C to 2.0°C, will lead to tens of thousands of additional deaths, annually.
TL;DR: In this paper, LaCoO3/Al2O3 (LCA) was utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade atrazine (ATZ).
TL;DR: Some of the recent advances in the understanding of the RNA virosphere that have stemmed from metagenomics are reviewed, future directions are noted, and some of the remaining challenges to this rapidly developing field are highlighted.
Abstract: Although viruses comprise the most abundant genetic material in the biosphere, to date only several thousand virus species have been formally defined. Such a limited perspective on virus diversity has in part arisen because viruses were traditionally considered only as etiologic agents of overt disease in humans or economically important species and were often difficult to identify using cell culture. This view has dramatically changed with the rise of metagenomics, which is transforming virus discovery and revealing a remarkable diversity of viruses sampled from diverse cellular organisms. These newly discovered viruses help fill major gaps in the evolutionary history of viruses, revealing a near continuum of diversity among genera, families, and even orders of RNA viruses. Herein, we review some of the recent advances in our understanding of the RNA virosphere that have stemmed from metagenomics, note future directions, and highlight some of the remaining challenges to this rapidly developing field.
01 Nov 2019
TL;DR: At the end of 2018, the percentage of living with HIV (PLWH) who had received a confirmed HIV diagnosis in China was 68.9%, which provides most recent progress of 90-90-90 target.
Abstract: What is already known about this topic? Since the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) announced the 90-90-90 targets to control the global HIV epidemic in 2014, many countries have undertaken innovative measures to achieve this goal. The National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS) of China CDC convenes experts annually to evaluate the national progress towards these indicators. The most recent progress of 90-90-90 targets in China has not been previously published. What is added by this report? At the end of 2018, the percentage of living with HIV (PLWH) who had received a confirmed HIV diagnosis in China was 68.9% (61.5%-78.3%). The antiretroviral treatment coverage of diagnosed PLWH was 83.4%, and among patients on treatment for at least 12 months, 94.2% achieved viral suppression. This provides most recent progress of 90-90-90 target in China. What are the implications for public health practice? China has made significant strides in curbing the HIV epidemic, but analysis on progress for the first 90 target for HIV testing remains out of reach. Innovative testing strategies may need to be developed to ensure that more PLWH can be identified.
Public Health England1, Norwegian Institute of Public Health2, University of the East3, Hacettepe University4, Laval University5, Eskişehir Osmangazi University6, Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy7, National Institutes of Health8, University of Cambridge9, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention10, University of Zurich11, Örebro University12, Pasteur Institute13, Carlos III Health Institute14
TL;DR: There was, however, evidence that reduced susceptibility to antibiotics was increasing worldwide, and several other global initiatives underway to support IMD protection and prevention were reinforced.
Abstract: Introduction: The 2018 Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) meeting focused on evolving invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) epidemiology, surveillance, and protection strategies worldwide, with e...
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven1, United States Department of Agriculture2, University of Ljubljana3, Mississippi State University4, University of Texas Medical Branch5, Friedrich Loeffler Institute6, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention7, Colorado State University8, Columbia University9, University of California, Irvine10, University of the Free State11, National Health Laboratory Service12, Aix-Marseille University13, International Rice Research Institute14, Scripps Research Institute15, University of California, San Francisco16, Public Health Agency of Canada17, Mayo Clinic18, Hacettepe University19, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases20, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention21, Kansas State University22, Fudan University23, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine24, Paris Diderot University25, University of Queensland26, Public Health England27, Indian Agricultural Research Institute28, Seoul National University29, Slovak Academy of Sciences30, Karolinska Institutet31, Wageningen University and Research Centre32, University of Washington33, University of Louisville34, University of Bari35, University of Hamburg36, Washington State University37, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki38, University of Helsinki39, University of Brasília40, National University of La Plata41, Pasteur Institute42, University of Maryland, Baltimore43, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization44, University of Glasgow45, University of Tokyo46, University of Oxford47, Korea University48, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University49, North Carolina State University50, National Chung Hsing University51, Universidade Federal de Viçosa52, National Institutes of Health53
TL;DR: The updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales is presented as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Abstract: In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
TL;DR: This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy and describes twelve new species, two new genera and six new combinations, which are proposed based on the Chinese collections.
Abstract: Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota. Investigations on the species diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out. So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are reported from China. Two new genera: Amylosporia gen. nov. and Murinicarpus gen. nov., twelve new species: Coriolopsis dendriformis sp. nov., C. hainanensis sp. nov., Funalia cystidiata sp. nov., Haploporus microsporus sp. nov., Perenniporia citrinoalba sp. nov., P. yinggelingensis sp. nov., Picipes hainanensis sp. nov., P. jiajinensis sp. nov., P. pseudovarius sp. nov., Trametes duplexa sp. nov., T. ellipsoidea sp. nov. and T. stiptica sp. nov., and six new combinations, Amylosporia hattorii comb. nov., Hornodermoporus latissimus comb. nov., Murinicarpus subadustus comb. nov., Picipes pumilus comb. nov., Vanderbylia delavayi comb. nov. and Vanderbylia robiniophila comb. nov., are proposed. All the species are described based on the Chinese collections. Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided. This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy. The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the β-tubulin gene (TBB1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. In addition, full morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs, taxonomic notes, ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that local weather conditions, through their impact on the variation of mosquito abundance, are a driver of dengue dynamics in China and illustrate that spatiotemporal dynamics of d Dengue are predictable from the local vector dynamics, which in turn can be predicted by climate conditions.
Abstract: Dengue is a climate-sensitive mosquito-borne disease with increasing geographic extent and human incidence. Although the climate-epidemic association and outbreak risks have been assessed using both statistical and mathematical models, local mosquito population dynamics have not been incorporated in a unified predictive framework. Here, we use mosquito surveillance data from 2005 to 2015 in China to integrate a generalized additive model of mosquito dynamics with a susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) compartmental model of viral transmission to establish a predictive model linking climate and seasonal dengue risk. The findings illustrate that spatiotemporal dynamics of dengue are predictable from the local vector dynamics, which in turn, can be predicted by climate conditions. On the basis of the similar epidemiology and transmission cycles, we believe that this integrated approach and the finer mosquito surveillance data provide a framework that can be extended to predict outbreak risk of other mosquito-borne diseases as well as project dengue risk maps for future climate scenarios.