Showing papers by "University of Sydney published in 2019"
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TL;DR: Just under half a billion people are living with diabetes worldwide and the number is projected to increase by 25% in 2030 and 51% in 2045, with the prevalence higher in urban than rural areas, and in high-income than low-income countries.
4,865 citations
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Royal North Shore Hospital1, The George Institute for Global Health2, Concord Repatriation General Hospital3, Imperial College London4, University of Sydney5, New York University6, Harvard University7, Janssen Pharmaceutica8, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis9, Veterans Health Administration10, University of Chicago11, Kolling Institute of Medical Research12, Utah System of Higher Education13, University of British Columbia14, University College London15, Peking University16, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute17, Stanford University18
TL;DR: In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years.
Abstract: Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium...
3,233 citations
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TL;DR: The 6th WSPH Task Force proposed to include pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood Units in the definition of all forms of pre-capillary PH associated with mPAP >20 mmHg, and included in group 1 of a subgroup “pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) long-term responders to calcium channel blockers”.
Abstract: Since the 1st World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) in 1973, pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been arbitrarily defined as mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg at rest, measured by right heart catheterisation. Recent data from normal subjects has shown that normal mPAP was 14.0±3.3 mmHg. Two standard deviations above this mean value would suggest mPAP >20 mmHg as above the upper limit of normal (above the 97.5th percentile). This definition is no longer arbitrary, but based on a scientific approach. However, this abnormal elevation of mPAP is not sufficient to define pulmonary vascular disease as it can be due to an increase in cardiac output or pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. Thus, this 6th WSPH Task Force proposes to include pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood Units in the definition of all forms of pre-capillary PH associated with mPAP >20 mmHg. Prospective trials are required to determine whether this PH population might benefit from specific management. Regarding clinical classification, the main Task Force changes were the inclusion in group 1 of a subgroup “pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) long-term responders to calcium channel blockers”, due to the specific prognostic and management of these patients, and a subgroup “PAH with overt features of venous/capillaries (pulmonary veno-occlusive disease/pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis) involvement”, due to evidence suggesting a continuum between arterial, capillary and vein involvement in PAH.
2,358 citations
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Ljubljana University Medical Centre1, King's College London2, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University3, Stanford University4, American Diabetes Association5, University of Padua6, Harvard University7, University of Amsterdam8, University of Sydney9, University of Colorado Denver10, University of Sheffield11, University of Washington12, University of Cambridge13, Shanghai Jiao Tong University14, University of Virginia15, JDRF16, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven17, University of East Anglia18, San Antonio River Authority19, Steno Diabetes Center20, University of Montpellier21, University of Florida22, Nihon University23, Yale University24, Tel Aviv University25
TL;DR: This article summarizes the ATTD consensus recommendations for relevant aspects of CGM data utilization and reporting among the various diabetes populations.
Abstract: Improvements in sensor accuracy, greater convenience and ease of use, and expanding reimbursement have led to growing adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). However, successful utilization of CGM technology in routine clinical practice remains relatively low. This may be due in part to the lack of clear and agreed-upon glycemic targets that both diabetes teams and people with diabetes can work toward. Although unified recommendations for use of key CGM metrics have been established in three separate peer-reviewed articles, formal adoption by diabetes professional organizations and guidance in the practical application of these metrics in clinical practice have been lacking. In February 2019, the Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes (ATTD) Congress convened an international panel of physicians, researchers, and individuals with diabetes who are expert in CGM technologies to address this issue. This article summarizes the ATTD consensus recommendations for relevant aspects of CGM data utilization and reporting among the various diabetes populations.
1,776 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of 73 historical reports of insect declines from across the globe, and systematically assess the underlying drivers of insect extinction, reveals dramatic rates of decline that may lead to the extinction of 40% of the world's insect species over the next few decades.
1,754 citations
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TL;DR: The proposed LSTM approach outperforms the other listed rival algorithms in the task of short-term load forecasting for individual residential households and is comprehensively compared to various benchmarks including the state-of-the-arts in the field of load forecasting.
Abstract: As the power system is facing a transition toward a more intelligent, flexible, and interactive system with higher penetration of renewable energy generation, load forecasting, especially short-term load forecasting for individual electric customers plays an increasingly essential role in the future grid planning and operation. Other than aggregated residential load in a large scale, forecasting an electric load of a single energy user is fairly challenging due to the high volatility and uncertainty involved. In this paper, we propose a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network-based framework, which is the latest and one of the most popular techniques of deep learning, to tackle this tricky issue. The proposed framework is tested on a publicly available set of real residential smart meter data, of which the performance is comprehensively compared to various benchmarks including the state-of-the-arts in the field of load forecasting. As a result, the proposed LSTM approach outperforms the other listed rival algorithms in the task of short-term load forecasting for individual residential households.
1,415 citations
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Heidelberg University1, University of Marburg2, Queen Mary University of London3, University of Leeds4, Rutgers University5, University of New South Wales6, University of Münster7, Aarhus University8, Columbia University9, University of Chieti-Pescara10, University of Oslo11, Karolinska Institutet12, Université catholique de Louvain13, University of Sydney14, Paris Descartes University15, University of Western Australia16, Royal Perth Hospital17, University of Dundee18, Maastricht University19, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven20, Taipei Veterans General Hospital21, National Yang-Ming University22
TL;DR: In conditions such as fibromyalgia or nonspecific low-back pain, chronic pain may be conceived as a disease in its own right; in this proposal, this subgroup is called “chronic primary pain,” and in 6 other subgroups, pain is secondary to an underlying disease.
Abstract: Chronic pain is a major source of suffering. It interferes with daily functioning and often is accompanied by distress. Yet, in the International Classification of Diseases, chronic pain diagnoses are not represented systematically. The lack of appropriate codes renders accurate epidemiological investigations difficult and impedes health policy decisions regarding chronic pain such as adequate financing of access to multimodal pain management. In cooperation with the WHO, an IASP Working Group has developed a classification system that is applicable in a wide range of contexts, including pain medicine, primary care, and low-resource environments. Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months. In chronic pain syndromes, pain can be the sole or a leading complaint and requires special treatment and care. In conditions such as fibromyalgia or nonspecific low-back pain, chronic pain may be conceived as a disease in its own right; in our proposal, we call this subgroup "chronic primary pain." In 6 other subgroups, pain is secondary to an underlying disease: chronic cancer-related pain, chronic neuropathic pain, chronic secondary visceral pain, chronic posttraumatic and postsurgical pain, chronic secondary headache and orofacial pain, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain. These conditions are summarized as "chronic secondary pain" where pain may at least initially be conceived as a symptom. Implementation of these codes in the upcoming 11th edition of International Classification of Diseases will lead to improved classification and diagnostic coding, thereby advancing the recognition of chronic pain as a health condition in its own right.
1,311 citations
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04 Apr 2019TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed Libra R-CNN, a simple but effective framework towards balanced learning for object detection, which integrates three novel components: IoU-balanced sampling, balanced feature pyramid, and balanced L1 loss, respectively for reducing the imbalance at sample, feature, and objective level.
Abstract: Compared with model architectures, the training process, which is also crucial to the success of detectors, has received relatively less attention in object detection. In this work, we carefully revisit the standard training practice of detectors, and find that the detection performance is often limited by the imbalance during the training process, which generally consists in three levels - sample level, feature level, and objective level. To mitigate the adverse effects caused thereby, we propose Libra R-CNN, a simple but effective framework towards balanced learning for object detection. It integrates three novel components: IoU-balanced sampling, balanced feature pyramid, and balanced L1 loss, respectively for reducing the imbalance at sample, feature, and objective level. Benefitted from the overall balanced design, Libra R-CNN significantly improves the detection performance. Without bells and whistles, it achieves 2.5 points and 2.0 points higher Average Precision (AP) than FPN Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet respectively on MSCOCO.
1,102 citations
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TL;DR: Two loci close to NKX6.3/MIR486 and RBSG4 are identified in the Canadian discovery cohort and replicated in the DiOGenes cohort and taken forward for Bayesian fine-mapping and functional assessment in flies.
Abstract: Hundreds of genetic variants have been associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using observational cohorts. However, the genetic contribution to efficient weight loss in response to dietary intervention remains unknown. We perform a GWAS in two large low-caloric diet intervention cohorts of obese participants. Two loci close to NKX6.3/MIR486 and RBSG4 are identified in the Canadian discovery cohort (n = 1166) and replicated in the DiOGenes cohort (n = 789). Modulation of HGTX (NKX6.3 ortholog) levels in Drosophila melanogaster leads to significantly altered triglyceride levels. Additional tissue-specific experiments demonstrate an action through the oenocytes, fly hepatocyte-like cells that regulate lipid metabolism. Our results identify genetic variants associated with the efficacy of weight loss in obese subjects and identify a role for NKX6.3 in lipid metabolism, and thereby possibly weight control. Individuals show large variability in their capacity to lose weight and maintain this weight. Here, the authors perform GWAS in two weight loss intervention cohorts and identify two genetic loci associated with weight loss that are taken forward for Bayesian fine-mapping and functional assessment in flies.
1,085 citations
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TL;DR: This paper derives a closed-form propulsion power consumption model for rotary-wing UAVs, and proposes a new path discretization method to transform the original problem into a discretized equivalent with a finite number of optimization variables, for which the proposed designs significantly outperform the benchmark schemes.
Abstract: This paper studies unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless communication, where a rotary-wing UAV is dispatched to communicate with multiple ground nodes (GNs). We aim to minimize the total UAV energy consumption, including both propulsion energy and communication related energy, while satisfying the communication throughput requirement of each GN. To this end, we first derive a closed-form propulsion power consumption model for rotary-wing UAVs, and then formulate the energy minimization problem by jointly optimizing the UAV trajectory and communication time allocation among GNs, as well as the total mission completion time. The problem is difficult to be optimally solved, as it is non-convex and involves infinitely many variables over time. To tackle this problem, we first consider the simple fly-hover-communicate design, where the UAV successively visits a set of hovering locations and communicates with one corresponding GN while hovering at each location. For this design, we propose an efficient algorithm to optimize the hovering locations and durations, as well as the flying trajectory connecting these hovering locations, by leveraging the travelling salesman problem with neighborhood and convex optimization techniques. Next, we consider the general case, where the UAV also communicates while flying. We propose a new path discretization method to transform the original problem into a discretized equivalent with a finite number of optimization variables, for which we obtain a high-quality suboptimal solution by applying the successive convex approximation technique. The numerical results show that the proposed designs significantly outperform the benchmark schemes.
1,043 citations
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TL;DR: With prolonged follow-up, first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy continues to demonstrate an OS benefit over chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated, advanced NSCLC without EGFR/ALK aberrations, despite crossover from the control arm to pembrolezumab as subsequent therapy.
Abstract: PurposeIn the randomized, open-label, phase III KEYNOTE-024 study, pembrolizumab significantly improved progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) compared with platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a programmed death ligand 1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater and without EGFR/ALK aberrations. We report an updated OS and tolerability analysis, including analyses adjusting for potential bias introduced by crossover from chemotherapy to pembrolizumab.Patients and MethodsPatients were randomly assigned to pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks (for up to 2 years) or investigator’s choice of platinum-based chemotherapy (four to six cycles). Patients assigned to chemotherapy could cross over to pembrolizumab upon meeting eligibility criteria. The primary end point was progression-free survival; OS was an important key secondary end point. Crossover adjustment analysis was done using the following three methods: simplified ...
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Inova Health System1, Inova Fairfax Hospital2, RWTH Aachen University3, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile4, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute5, University of Turin6, The Chinese University of Hong Kong7, Marmara University8, University of Sydney9, Shanghai Jiao Tong University10, Emory University11
TL;DR: The authors in this article examined the state of NAFLD among different regions and understand the global trajectory of this disease, an international group of experts came together during the 2017 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Global NASFLD Forum and provided a summary of this forum and an assessment of the current state of NASH worldwide.
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University of New South Wales1, Oregon State University2, Braunschweig University of Technology3, University of California, San Diego4, Norwegian University of Life Sciences5, University of Liverpool6, Max Planck Society7, University of Tasmania8, University of Vermont9, ETH Zurich10, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn11, Montana State University12, University of Amsterdam13, University of Southern California14, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory15, University of Hawaii at Manoa16, University of California, Berkeley17, Marine Biological Laboratory18, University of California, Irvine19, University of Georgia20, California Institute of Technology21, University of Edinburgh22, Ohio State University23, University of Sydney24, University of Alberta25, Georgia Institute of Technology26, University of Melbourne27, Australian Institute of Marine Science28, University of Texas Medical Branch29, University of Queensland30
TL;DR: This Consensus Statement documents the central role and global importance of microorganisms in climate change biology and puts humanity on notice that the impact of climate change will depend heavily on responses of micro organisms, which are essential for achieving an environmentally sustainable future.
Abstract: In the Anthropocene, in which we now live, climate change is impacting most life on Earth. Microorganisms support the existence of all higher trophic life forms. To understand how humans and other life forms on Earth (including those we are yet to discover) can withstand anthropogenic climate change, it is vital to incorporate knowledge of the microbial 'unseen majority'. We must learn not just how microorganisms affect climate change (including production and consumption of greenhouse gases) but also how they will be affected by climate change and other human activities. This Consensus Statement documents the central role and global importance of microorganisms in climate change biology. It also puts humanity on notice that the impact of climate change will depend heavily on responses of microorganisms, which are essential for achieving an environmentally sustainable future.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive study and evaluation of existing single image dehazing algorithms, using a new large-scale benchmark consisting of both synthetic and real-world hazy images, called Realistic Single-Image DEhazing (RESIDE).
Abstract: We present a comprehensive study and evaluation of existing single-image dehazing algorithms, using a new large-scale benchmark consisting of both synthetic and real-world hazy images, called REalistic Single-Image DEhazing (RESIDE). RESIDE highlights diverse data sources and image contents, and is divided into five subsets, each serving different training or evaluation purposes. We further provide a rich variety of criteria for dehazing algorithm evaluation, ranging from full-reference metrics to no-reference metrics and to subjective evaluation, and the novel task-driven evaluation. Experiments on RESIDE shed light on the comparisons and limitations of the state-of-the-art dehazing algorithms, and suggest promising future directions.
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University of Sydney1, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust2, University of British Columbia3, Harvard University4, Monash University5, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital6, Garvan Institute of Medical Research7, St. Vincent's Health System8, Auckland City Hospital9, Sydney Adventist Hospital10, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital11, University College Dublin12, University of Alberta13, University of Adelaide14, Queen's University15, University of Ottawa16, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute17, University of Melbourne18, Royal Adelaide Hospital19, Royal Cornwall Hospital20
TL;DR: Enzalutamide was associated with significantly longer progression-free and overall survival than standard care in men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer receiving testosterone suppression.
Abstract: Background Enzalutamide, an androgen-receptor inhibitor, has been associated with improved overall survival in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. It is not known whether adding enzalutamide to testosterone suppression, with or without early docetaxel, will improve survival in men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Methods In this open-label, randomized, phase 3 trial, we assigned patients to receive testosterone suppression plus either open-label enzalutamide or a standard nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy (standard-care group). The primary end point was overall survival. Secondary end points included progression-free survival as determined by the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, clinical progression-free survival, and adverse events. Results A total of 1125 men underwent randomization; the median follow-up was 34 months. There were 102 deaths in the enzalutamide group and 143 deaths in the standard-care group (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 0.86; P = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival at 3 years were 80% (based on 94 events) in the enzalutamide group and 72% (based on 130 events) in the standard-care group. Better results with enzalutamide were also seen in PSA progression-free survival (174 and 333 events, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.39; P Conclusions Enzalutamide was associated with significantly longer progression-free and overall survival than standard care in men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer receiving testosterone suppression. The enzalutamide group had a higher incidence of seizures and other toxic effects, especially among those treated with early docetaxel. (Funded by Astellas Scientific and Medical Affairs and others; ENZAMET (ANZUP 1304) ANZCTR number, ACTRN12614000110684; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02446405; and EU Clinical Trials Register number, 2014-003190-42.).
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Carlos III Health Institute1, University of Cologne2, University of Sydney3, Paris Descartes University4, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul5, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre6, University of California, San Diego7, Medical University of Graz8, University of Copenhagen9, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven10, University of Bologna11, University of the Witwatersrand12, RMIT University13, McGill University14, Hacettepe University15, University of Paris16, Utrecht University17, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences18, Tel Aviv University19, Hospital General de México20, Istituto Giannina Gaslini21, Mahidol University22, Federal University of São Paulo23, King's College, Aberdeen24, Comenius University in Bratislava25, Boston Children's Hospital26, Complutense University of Madrid27, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón28, University Hospital Heidelberg29, University of California, Los Angeles30, American University of Beirut31, Innsbruck Medical University32, University of Lausanne33, Catholic University of Korea34, Goethe University Frankfurt35, Erasmus University Rotterdam36, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens37, Monash University38, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro39, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart40, University of Health Sciences Antigua41, National Institutes of Health42, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre43, University of Pittsburgh44, University of Melbourne45, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre46, P. D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre47, University of Southern California48, Duke University49, Singapore General Hospital50, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital51, Cardiff University52, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio53, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia54, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research55
TL;DR: Management of mucormycosis depends on recognising disease patterns and on early diagnosis, and limited availability of contemporary treatments burdens patients in low and middle income settings.
Abstract: Mucormycosis is a difficult to diagnose rare disease with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is often delayed, and disease tends to progress rapidly. Urgent surgical and medical intervention is lifesaving. Guidance on the complex multidisciplinary management has potential to improve prognosis, but approaches differ between health-care settings. From January, 2018, authors from 33 countries in all United Nations regions analysed the published evidence on mucormycosis management and provided consensus recommendations addressing differences between the regions of the world as part of the "One World One Guideline" initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM). Diagnostic management does not differ greatly between world regions. Upon suspicion of mucormycosis appropriate imaging is strongly recommended to document extent of disease and is followed by strongly recommended surgical intervention. First-line treatment with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B is strongly recommended, while intravenous isavuconazole and intravenous or delayed release tablet posaconazole are recommended with moderate strength. Both triazoles are strongly recommended salvage treatments. Amphotericin B deoxycholate is recommended against, because of substantial toxicity, but may be the only option in resource limited settings. Management of mucormycosis depends on recognising disease patterns and on early diagnosis. Limited availability of contemporary treatments burdens patients in low and middle income settings. Areas of uncertainty were identified and future research directions specified.
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University of Kentucky1, Mayo Clinic2, University of Pennsylvania3, Rush University Medical Center4, Illinois Institute of Technology5, Uppsala University6, Newcastle University7, University of Cambridge8, University of Southern California9, University of Minnesota10, University of Sydney11, University of California, Irvine12, University of Washington13, Medical University of Vienna14, Emory University15, Stanford University16, University of California, San Diego17, University of California, San Francisco18, Harvard University19, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center20
TL;DR: A recently recognized brain disorder that mimics the clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease: Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE).
Abstract: We describe a recently recognized disease entity, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). LATE neuropathological change (LATE-NC) is defined by a stereotypical TDP-43 proteinopathy in older adults, with or without coexisting hippocampal sclerosis pathology. LATE-NC is a common TDP-43 proteinopathy, associated with an amnestic dementia syndrome that mimicked Alzheimer's-type dementia in retrospective autopsy studies. LATE is distinguished from frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology based on its epidemiology (LATE generally affects older subjects), and relatively restricted neuroanatomical distribution of TDP-43 proteinopathy. In community-based autopsy cohorts, ∼25% of brains had sufficient burden of LATE-NC to be associated with discernible cognitive impairment. Many subjects with LATE-NC have comorbid brain pathologies, often including amyloid-β plaques and tauopathy. Given that the 'oldest-old' are at greatest risk for LATE-NC, and subjects of advanced age constitute a rapidly growing demographic group in many countries, LATE has an expanding but under-recognized impact on public health. For these reasons, a working group was convened to develop diagnostic criteria for LATE, aiming both to stimulate research and to promote awareness of this pathway to dementia. We report consensus-based recommendations including guidelines for diagnosis and staging of LATE-NC. For routine autopsy workup of LATE-NC, an anatomically-based preliminary staging scheme is proposed with TDP-43 immunohistochemistry on tissue from three brain areas, reflecting a hierarchical pattern of brain involvement: amygdala, hippocampus, and middle frontal gyrus. LATE-NC appears to affect the medial temporal lobe structures preferentially, but other areas also are impacted. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated that subjects with LATE-NC also had atrophy in the medial temporal lobes, frontal cortex, and other brain regions. Genetic studies have thus far indicated five genes with risk alleles for LATE-NC: GRN, TMEM106B, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE. The discovery of these genetic risk variants indicate that LATE shares pathogenetic mechanisms with both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease, but also suggests disease-specific underlying mechanisms. Large gaps remain in our understanding of LATE. For advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, there is an urgent need for research focused on LATE, including in vitro and animal models. An obstacle to clinical progress is lack of diagnostic tools, such as biofluid or neuroimaging biomarkers, for ante-mortem detection of LATE. Development of a disease biomarker would augment observational studies seeking to further define the risk factors, natural history, and clinical features of LATE, as well as eventual subject recruitment for targeted therapies in clinical trials.
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01 Apr 2019TL;DR: This work formulates a Federated Learning over wireless network as an optimization problem FEDL that captures both trade-offs and obtains the globally optimal solution by charactering the closed-form solutions to all sub-problems, which give qualitative insights to problem design via the obtained optimal FEDl learning time, accuracy level, and UE energy cost.
Abstract: There is an increasing interest in a new machine learning technique called Federated Learning, in which the model training is distributed over mobile user equipments (UEs), and each UE contributes to the learning model by independently computing the gradient based on its local training data. Federated Learning has several benefits of data privacy and potentially a large amount of UE participants with modern powerful processors and low-delay mobile-edge networks. While most of the existing work focused on designing learning algorithms with provable convergence time, other issues such as uncertainty of wireless channels and UEs with heterogeneous power constraints and local data size, are under-explored. These issues especially affect to various trade-offs: (i) between computation and communication latencies determined by learning accuracy level, and thus (ii) between the Federated Learning time and UE energy consumption. We fill this gap by formulating a Federated Learning over wireless network as an optimization problem FEDL that captures both trade-offs. Even though FEDL is non-convex, we exploit the problem structure to decompose and transform it to three convex sub-problems. We also obtain the globally optimal solution by charactering the closed-form solutions to all sub-problems, which give qualitative insights to problem design via the obtained optimal FEDL learning time, accuracy level, and UE energy cost. Our theoretical analysis is also illustrated by extensive numerical results.
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15 Jun 2019
TL;DR: Chen et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a Hybrid Task Cascade (HTC) framework, which interweaves the two tasks for a joint multi-stage processing and adopted a fully convolutional branch to provide spatial context, which can help distinguishing hard foreground from cluttered background.
Abstract: Cascade is a classic yet powerful architecture that has boosted performance on various tasks. However, how to introduce cascade to instance segmentation remains an open question. A simple combination of Cascade R-CNN and Mask R-CNN only brings limited gain. In exploring a more effective approach, we find that the key to a successful instance segmentation cascade is to fully leverage the reciprocal relationship between detection and segmentation. In this work, we propose a new framework, Hybrid Task Cascade (HTC), which differs in two important aspects: (1) instead of performing cascaded refinement on these two tasks separately, it interweaves them for a joint multi-stage processing; (2) it adopts a fully convolutional branch to provide spatial context, which can help distinguishing hard foreground from cluttered background. Overall, this framework can learn more discriminative features progressively while integrating complementary features together in each stage. Without bells and whistles, a single HTC obtains 38.4% and 1.5% improvement over a strong Cascade Mask R-CNN baseline on MSCOCO dataset. Moreover, our overall system achieves 48.6 mask AP on the test-challenge split, ranking 1st in the COCO 2018 Challenge Object Detection Task. Code is available at https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection.
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University of Paris-Sud1, University of California, Los Angeles2, Sheba Medical Center3, University of Barcelona4, Aix-Marseille University5, university of lille6, University of California, San Francisco7, University of Sydney8, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital9, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust10, University of Manchester11, Netherlands Cancer Institute12, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre13, Merck & Co.14, Royal North Shore Hospital15
TL;DR: Pembrolizumab improved progression-free survival and overall survival versus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma and is now a standard of care in the first-line setting, however, the optimal duration of anti-PD-1 administration is unknown.
Abstract: Summary Background Pembrolizumab improved progression-free survival and overall survival versus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma and is now a standard of care in the first-line setting. However, the optimal duration of anti-PD-1 administration is unknown. We present results from 5 years of follow-up of patients in KEYNOTE-006. Methods KEYNOTE-006 was an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study done at 87 academic institutions, hospitals, and cancer centres in 16 countries. Patients aged at least 18 years with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, ipilimumab-naive histologically confirmed advanced melanoma with known BRAFV600 status and up to one previous systemic therapy were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to intravenous pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks or every 3 weeks or four doses of intravenous ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Treatments were assigned using a centralised, computer-generated allocation schedule with blocked randomisation within strata. Exploratory combination of data from the two pembrolizumab dosing regimen groups was not protocol-specified. Pembrolizumab treatment continued for up to 24 months. Eligible patients who discontinued pembrolizumab with stable disease or better after receiving at least 24 months of pembrolizumab or discontinued with complete response after at least 6 months of pembrolizumab and then progressed could receive an additional 17 cycles of pembrolizumab. Co-primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival. Efficacy was analysed in all randomly assigned patients, and safety was analysed in all randomly assigned patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. Exploratory assessment of efficacy and safety at 5 years' follow-up was not specified in the protocol. Data cutoff for this analysis was Dec 3, 2018. Recruitment is closed; the study is ongoing. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01866319. Findings Between Sept 18, 2013, and March 3, 2014, 834 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive pembrolizumab (every 2 weeks, n=279; every 3 weeks, n=277), or ipilimumab (n=278). After a median follow-up of 57·7 months (IQR 56·7–59·2) in surviving patients, median overall survival was 32·7 months (95% CI 24·5–41·6) in the combined pembrolizumab groups and 15·9 months (13·3–22·0) in the ipilimumab group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·73, 95% CI 0·61–0·88, p=0·00049). Median progression-free survival was 8·4 months (95% CI 6·6–11·3) in the combined pembrolizumab groups versus 3·4 months (2·9–4·2) in the ipilimumab group (HR 0·57, 95% CI 0·48–0·67, p Interpretation Pembrolizumab continued to show superiority over ipilimumab after almost 5 years of follow-up. These results provide further support for use of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma. Funding Merck Sharp & Dohme.
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TL;DR: These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community providing the theory and key practical aspects offlow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data.
Abstract: These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.
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RMIT University1, University of Sydney2, University of Melbourne3, Hull York Medical School4, Carlos III Health Institute5, University of Barcelona6, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies7, University of Queensland8, University of New South Wales9, University of Adelaide10, University of Glasgow11, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile12, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health13, University of Toronto14, Deakin University15, Charité16, Hofstra University17, King's College London18, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust19, University of Salford20, University of Manchester21, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre22, University College London23, Dalhousie University24, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli25, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria26, Anglia Ruskin University27, University of Padua28, Park Centre for Mental Health29, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center30, The George Institute for Global Health31, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven32, National Research Council33
TL;DR: This Commission summarises advances in understanding on the topic of physical health in people with mental illness, and presents clear directions for health promotion, clinical care, and future research.
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Tabriz University of Medical Sciences1, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services2, University of Queensland3, University of Sydney4, University of Michigan5, Tehran University of Medical Sciences6, Arak University of Medical Sciences7, Iran University of Medical Sciences8, University of Oxford9, Royal Cornwall Hospital10
TL;DR: The global prevalence was higher in women and increased with age, peaking at the >95 age group among women and men in 2017, and a positive association was found between the age-standardised YLD rate and SDI at the regional and national levels.
Abstract: Objectives To report the level and trends of prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) for osteoarthritis (OA) in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 by age, sex and Socio-demographic index (SDI; a composite of sociodemographic factors). Methods Publicly available modelled data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 were used. The burden of OA was estimated for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017, through a systematic analysis of prevalence and incidence modelled data using the methods reported in the GBD 2017 Study. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs). Results Globally, the age-standardised point prevalence and annual incidence rate of OA in 2017 were 3754.2 (95% UI 3389.4 to 4187.6) and 181.2 (95% UI 162.6 to 202.4) per 100 000, an increase of 9.3% (95% UI 8% to 10.7%) and 8.2% (95% UI 7.1% to 9.4%) from 1990, respectively. In addition, global age-standardised YLD rate in 2017 was 118.8 (95% UI 59.5 to 236.2), an increase of 9.6% (95% UI 8.3% to 11.1%) from 1990. The global prevalence was higher in women and increased with age, peaking at the >95 age group among women and men in 2017. Generally, a positive association was found between the age-standardised YLD rate and SDI at the regional and national levels. Age-standardised prevalence of OA in 2017 ranged from 2090.3 to 6128.1 cases per 100 000 population. United States (6128.1 (95% UI 5729.3 to 6582.9)), American Samoa (5281 (95% UI 4688 to 5965.9)) and Kuwait (5234.6 (95% UI 4643.2 to 5953.6)) had the three highest levels of age-standardised prevalence. Oman (29.6% (95% UI 24.8% to 34.9%)), Equatorial Guinea (28.6% (95% UI 24.4% to 33.7%)) and the United States 23.2% (95% UI 16.4% to 30.5%)) showed the highest increase in the age-standardised prevalence during 1990–2017. Conclusions OA is a major public health challenge. While there is remarkable international variation in the prevalence, incidence and YLDs due to OA, the burden is increasing in most countries. It is expected to continue with increased life expectancy and ageing of the global population. Improving population and policy maker awareness of risk factors, including overweight and injury, and the importance and benefits of management of OA, together with providing health services for an increasing number of people living with OA, are recommended for management of the future burden of this condition.
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TL;DR: A novel Ghost module is proposed to generate more feature maps from cheap operations based on a set of intrinsic feature maps to generate many ghost feature maps that could fully reveal information underlying intrinsic features.
Abstract: Deploying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on embedded devices is difficult due to the limited memory and computation resources. The redundancy in feature maps is an important characteristic of those successful CNNs, but has rarely been investigated in neural architecture design. This paper proposes a novel Ghost module to generate more feature maps from cheap operations. Based on a set of intrinsic feature maps, we apply a series of linear transformations with cheap cost to generate many ghost feature maps that could fully reveal information underlying intrinsic features. The proposed Ghost module can be taken as a plug-and-play component to upgrade existing convolutional neural networks. Ghost bottlenecks are designed to stack Ghost modules, and then the lightweight GhostNet can be easily established. Experiments conducted on benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed Ghost module is an impressive alternative of convolution layers in baseline models, and our GhostNet can achieve higher recognition performance (e.g. $75.7\%$ top-1 accuracy) than MobileNetV3 with similar computational cost on the ImageNet ILSVRC-2012 classification dataset. Code is available at this https URL
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Nasim Mavaddat1, Kyriaki Michailidou1, Kyriaki Michailidou2, Joe Dennis1 +307 more•Institutions (105)
TL;DR: This PRS, optimized for prediction of estrogen receptor (ER)-specific disease, from the largest available genome-wide association dataset is developed and empirically validated and is a powerful and reliable predictor of breast cancer risk that may improve breast cancer prevention programs.
Abstract: Stratification of women according to their risk of breast cancer based on polygenic risk scores (PRSs) could improve screening and prevention strategies. Our aim was to develop PRSs, optimized for prediction of estrogen receptor (ER)-specific disease, from the largest available genome-wide association dataset and to empirically validate the PRSs in prospective studies. The development dataset comprised 94,075 case subjects and 75,017 control subjects of European ancestry from 69 studies, divided into training and validation sets. Samples were genotyped using genome-wide arrays, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by stepwise regression or lasso penalized regression. The best performing PRSs were validated in an independent test set comprising 11,428 case subjects and 18,323 control subjects from 10 prospective studies and 190,040 women from UK Biobank (3,215 incident breast cancers). For the best PRSs (313 SNPs), the odds ratio for overall disease per 1 standard deviation in ten prospective studies was 1.61 (95%CI: 1.57-1.65) with area under receiver-operator curve (AUC) = 0.630 (95%CI: 0.628-0.651). The lifetime risk of overall breast cancer in the top centile of the PRSs was 32.6%. Compared with women in the middle quintile, those in the highest 1% of risk had 4.37- and 2.78-fold risks, and those in the lowest 1% of risk had 0.16- and 0.27-fold risks, of developing ER-positive and ER-negative disease, respectively. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that this PRS was well calibrated and predicts disease risk accurately in the tails of the distribution. This PRS is a powerful and reliable predictor of breast cancer risk that may improve breast cancer prevention programs.
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01 Mar 2019
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University of California, Los Angeles1, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center2, Columbia University Medical Center3, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre4, Samsung Medical Center5, Yale University6, University of Pennsylvania7, Vanderbilt University8, University of California, San Francisco9, Emory University10, Hebron University11, Merck & Co.12, University of Sydney13
TL;DR: Pembrolizumab monotherapy provided durable antitumor activity and high 5-year OS rates in patients with treatment-naive or previously treated advanced NSCLC and had a tolerable long-term safety profile with little evidence of late-onset or new toxicity.
Abstract: PURPOSEPembrolizumab monotherapy has demonstrated durable antitumor activity in advanced programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)–expressing non‒small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We report 5-year outcomes f...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a paper on the African Climate and Development Initiative (ACDI) in South Africa, focusing on the effects of climate change on the local environment.
Abstract: 1 Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 2 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 3 Conservation Biology Institute, 136 SW Washington Avenue, Suite 202, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA 4 African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa. 5 The Fletcher School and Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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TL;DR: It is found that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is applied most frequently (in 29 studies) followed by the Naïve Bayes algorithm (in 23 studies), however, the Random Forest algorithm showed superior accuracy comparatively.
Abstract: Supervised machine learning algorithms have been a dominant method in the data mining field. Disease prediction using health data has recently shown a potential application area for these methods. This study aims to identify the key trends among different types of supervised machine learning algorithms, and their performance and usage for disease risk prediction. In this study, extensive research efforts were made to identify those studies that applied more than one supervised machine learning algorithm on single disease prediction. Two databases (i.e., Scopus and PubMed) were searched for different types of search items. Thus, we selected 48 articles in total for the comparison among variants supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction. We found that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is applied most frequently (in 29 studies) followed by the Naive Bayes algorithm (in 23 studies). However, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm showed superior accuracy comparatively. Of the 17 studies where it was applied, RF showed the highest accuracy in 9 of them, i.e., 53%. This was followed by SVM which topped in 41% of the studies it was considered. This study provides a wide overview of the relative performance of different variants of supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction. This important information of relative performance can be used to aid researchers in the selection of an appropriate supervised machine learning algorithm for their studies.
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TL;DR: A review of the latest developments in the area of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based metal-free photocatalysts for H2 generation can be found in this article.