Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Christopher Troeger,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Puja C Rao,Ibrahim A Khalil,Alexandria Brown,Robert C. Reiner,Nancy Fullman,Robert L. Thompson,Amanuel Alemu Abajobir,Muktar Beshir Ahmed,Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Hamid Asayesh,Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho,Ashish Awasthi,Umar Bacha,Aleksandra Barac,Balem Demtsu Betsue,Addisu Shunu Beyene,Dube Jara Boneya,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Manisha Dubey,Babak Eshrati,Joseph R Fitchett,Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot,Gessessew Buggsa Hailu,Masako Horino,Peter J. Hotez,Tariku Jibat,Jost B. Jonas,Amir Kasaeian,Niranjan Kissoon,Karen L. Kotloff,Ai Koyanagi,G Anil Kumar,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Aparna Lal,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Mubarek Abera Mengistie,Christine L. Moe,George C Patton,James A Platts-Mills,Mostafa Qorbani,Usha Ram,Hirbo Shore Roba,Juan Sanabria,Benn Sartorius,Monika Sawhney,Mika Shigematsu,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Soumya Swaminathan,Bemnet Amare Tedla,Roman Topor Madry Jagiellonian,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Andrea Werdecker,Marc-Alain Widdowson,Naohiro Yonemoto,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Stephen S Lim,Mohsen Naghavi,Theo Vos,Simon I. Hay,Christopher J L Murray,Ali H. Mokdad +67 more
TLDR
Diarrhoea remains a largely preventable disease and cause of death, and continued efforts to improve access to safe water, sanitation, and childhood nutrition will be important in reducing the global burden of diarrhoeal disease.Abstract:
Summary Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoeal diseases This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 25 years and informs the changing picture of diarrhoeal disease worldwide Methods We estimated diarrhoeal mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm), a modelling platform shared across most causes of death in the GBD 2015 study We modelled diarrhoeal morbidity, including incidence and prevalence, using a meta-regression platform called DisMod-MR We estimated aetiologies for diarrhoeal diseases using a counterfactual approach that incorporates the aetiology-specific risk of diarrhoeal disease and the prevalence of the aetiology in diarrhoea episodes We used the Socio-demographic Index, a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility, to assess trends in diarrhoeal mortality The two leading risk factors for diarrhoea—childhood malnutrition and unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene—were used in a decomposition analysis to establish the relative contribution of changes in diarrhoea disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) Findings Globally, in 2015, we estimate that diarrhoea was a leading cause of death among all ages (1·31 million deaths, 95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 1·23 million to 1·39 million), as well as a leading cause of DALYs because of its disproportionate impact on young children (71·59 million DALYs, 66·44 million to 77·21 million) Diarrhoea was a common cause of death among children under 5 years old (499 000 deaths, 95% UI 447 000–558 000) The number of deaths due to diarrhoea decreased by an estimated 20·8% (95% UI 15·4–26·1) from 2005 to 2015 Rotavirus was the leading cause of diarrhoea deaths (199 000, 95% UI 165 000–241 000), followed by Shigella spp (164 300, 85 000–278 700) and Salmonella spp (90 300, 95% UI 34 100–183 100) Among children under 5 years old, the three aetiologies responsible for the most deaths were rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp, and Shigella spp Improvements in safe water and sanitation have decreased diarrhoeal DALYs by 13·4%, and reductions in childhood undernutrition have decreased diarrhoeal DALYs by 10·0% between 2005 and 2015 Interpretation At the global level, deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases have decreased substantially in the past 25 years, although progress has been faster in some countries than others Diarrhoea remains a largely preventable disease and cause of death, and continued efforts to improve access to safe water, sanitation, and childhood nutrition will be important in reducing the global burden of diarrhoea Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundationread more
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Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Christopher Troeger,Brigette F. Blacker,Ibrahim A Khalil,Puja C Rao,Shujin Cao,Stephanie R. M. Zimsen,Samuel B. Albertson,Jeffery D Stanaway,Aniruddha Deshpande,Zegeye Abebe,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom,Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Olatunde Aremu,Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw,Tesfay Mehari Atey,Suleman Atique,Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho,Ashish Awasthi,Henok Tadesse Ayele,Aleksandra Barac,Mauricio Lima Barreto,Quique Bassat,Saba Abraham Belay,Isabela M. Benseñor,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Ali Bijani,Hailemichael Bizuneh,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Abel Fekadu Dadi,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Huyen Phuc Do,Manisha Dubey,Eleonora Dubljanin,Dumessa Edessa,Aman Yesuf Endries,Babak Eshrati,Tamer H. Farag,Garumma Tolu Feyissa,Kyle J Foreman,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Nancy Fullman,Peter W. Gething,Melkamu Dedefo Gishu,William W Godwin,Harish Chander Gugnani,Rashmi Gupta,Gessessew Bugssa Hailu,Hamid Yimam Hassen,Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu,Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi,Jost B. Jonas,Amaha Kahsay,Gagandeep Kang,Amir Kasaeian,Yousef Khader,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Muhammad Ali Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Niranjan Kissoon,Sonali Kochhar,Karen L. Kotloff,Ai Koyanagi,G Anil Kumar,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Reza Malekzadeh,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Suresh Mehata,Walter Mendoza,Desalegn Tadese Mengistu,Bereket Gebremichael Menota,Haftay Berhane Mezgebe,Fitsum Weldegebreal Mlashu,Srinivas Murthy,Gurudatta Naik,Cuong Tat Nguyen,Trang Huyen Nguyen,Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum,Felix Akpojene Ogbo,Andrew T Olagunju,Deepak Paudel,James A Platts-Mills,Mostafa Qorbani,Anwar Rafay,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Saleem M Rana,Chhabi Lal Ranabhat,Davide Rasella,Sarah E Ray,Cesar Reis,Andre M. N. Renzaho,Mohammad Sadegh Rezai,George Mugambage Ruhago,Saeid Safiri,Joshua A. Salomon,Juan Sanabria,Benn Sartorius,Monika Sawhney,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Mika Shigematsu,Mekonnen Sisay,Ranjani Somayaji,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Bryan L. Sykes,Getachew Redae Taffere,Roman Topor-Madry,Bach Xuan Tran,Kald Beshir Tuem,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Stein Emil Vollset,Judd L. Walson,Marcia R. Weaver,Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs,Andrea Werdecker,Abdulhalik Workicho,Muluken Azage Yenesew,Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw,Naohiro Yonemoto,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Theo Vos,Stephen S Lim,Mohsen Naghavi,Christopher J L Murray,Ali H. Mokdad,Simon I. Hay,Robert Reiner +128 more
TL;DR: Substantial progress has been made globally in reducing the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, driven by decreases in several primary risk factors, however, this reduction has not been equal across locations, and burden among adults older than 70 years requires attention.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years.
Christopher Troeger,Ibrahim A Khalil,Puja C Rao,Shujin Cao,Brigette F. Blacker,Tahmeed Ahmed,George Armah,Julie E Bines,Julie E Bines,Thomas G Brewer,Danny V. Colombara,Gagandeep Kang,Beth D. Kirkpatrick,Carl D. Kirkwood,Jason M. Mwenda,Umesh D. Parashar,William A. Petri,Mark S Riddle,A. Duncan Steele,Robert L. Thompson,Judd L. Walson,John W. Sanders,Ali H. Mokdad,Christopher J L Murray,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Robert Reiner +26 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that prioritizing vaccine introduction and interventions to reduce diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality is necessary in the continued global reduction of rotavirus infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States.
TL;DR: It is found that achieving universal mask use could be sufficient to ameliorate the worst effects of epidemic resurgences in many states, and five potential future scenarios of social distancing mandates and mask use at the state level are explored, with projections of the course of the epidemic through winter 2021.
Journal ArticleDOI
Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016.
Ibrahim A Khalil,Christopher Troeger,Brigette F. Blacker,Puja C Rao,Alexandria Brown,Deborah Atherly,Thomas G Brewer,Cyril Engmann,Cyril Engmann,Eric R. Houpt,Gagandeep Kang,Karen L. Kotloff,Myron M. Levine,Stephen P. Luby,Calman A. MacLennan,William Pan,William Pan,Patricia B Pavlinac,James A Platts-Mills,Firdausi Qadri,Mark S. Riddle,Edward T. Ryan,David A Shoultz,A. Duncan Steele,Judd L. Walson,John W. Sanders,Ali H. Mokdad,Christopher J L Murray,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Robert Reiner +30 more
TL;DR: The global burden of shigella and ETEC diarrhoea according to age, sex, geography, and year from 1990 to 2016 is analyzed to assess the health burden of bacterial diarrhoeal pathogens globally.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cryptosporidium
Yaoyu Feng,Una Ryan,Lihua Xiao +2 more
TL;DR: Systematic studies of C. parvum and C. hominis populations are likely leading to improved understanding of population structures underlying various transmission patterns and intensities of Cryptosporidium.
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TL;DR: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex, using the Cause of Death Ensemble model.
Journal ArticleDOI
Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
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TL;DR: Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated and age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010, but population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Mohsen Naghavi,Haidong Wang,Rafael Lozano,Adrian Davis,Xiaofeng Liang,Maigeng Zhou,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren,Safa Abdalla,Foad Abd-Allah,M A Aziz,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Biju Abraham,Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham,Katrina Abuabara,Ibrahim Abubakar,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tom Achoki,Ademola Lukman Adelekan,Zanfina Ademi,Koranteng Adofo,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Johan Ärnlöv,Emilie Agardh,Dickens Akena,Mazin J. Al Khabouri,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Alicia Aleman,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Mohammed K. Ali,Raghib Ali,François Alla,Faris Al Lami,Peter Allebeck,Mohammad A. AlMazroa,Rustam Al-Shahi Salman,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alviz-Guzman,Adansi A. Amankwaa,Azmeraw T. Amare,Omid Ameli,Hassan Amini,Walid Ammar,H. Ross Anderson,Benjamin O. Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Henry Apfel,Solveig A. Cunningham,Valentina Arsić Arsenijević,Al Artaman,Majed Asad,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Charles Atkinson,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Talal Bakfalouni,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Shivanthi Balalla,Amitava Banerjee,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez,Arindam Basu,Sanjay Basu,Mohammed Basulaiman,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Corina Benjet,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Habib Benzian,Amelia Bertozzi-Villa,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Boris Bikbov,Aref A. Bin Abdulhak,Stan Biryukov,Jed D. Blore,Fiona M. Blyth,Megan Bohensky,Guilherme Borges,Dipan Bose,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Lindsay N. Boyers,Michael Brainin,Michael Brauer,Carol Brayne,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Adam D M Briggs,J Brown,Traolach S. Brugha,Geoffrey Buckle,Linh N Bui,Gene Bukhman,Michael Burch,Ismael Ricardo Campos Nonato,Hélène Carabin,Rosario Cárdenas,Jonathan R. Carapetis,David O. Carpenter,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiorella Cavalleri,Jung-Chen Chang,Jung-Chen Chang,Fiona C. Charlson,Xuan Che,Honglei Chen,Yingyao Chen,Jian Sheng Chen,Zhengming Chen,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Rajiv Chowdhury,Hanne Christensen,Costas A. Christophi,Ting Wu Chuang,Sumeet S. Chugh,Massimo Cirillo,Matthew M Coates,Luc E. Coffeng,Megan Coggeshall,Aaron Cohen,Valentina Colistro,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Mercedes Colomar,Leslie T. Cooper,Cyrus Cooper,Luis M. Coppola,Monica Cortinovis,Karen J. Courville,Benjamin C Cowie,Michael H. Criqui,John A. Crump,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,Iuri da Costa Leite,Kaustubh Dabhadkar,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Emily Dansereau,Paul I. Dargan,Anand Dayama,Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora,Shelley F. De La Vega,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Gabrielle de Veber,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mukesh Dherani,José Luis Díaz-Ortega,Cesar Diaz-Torne,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Klara Dokova,E. Ray Dorsey,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Herbert C. Duber,Adnan M. Durrani,Beth E. Ebel,Karen Edmond,Richard G. Ellenbogen,Yousef M. Elshrek,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Kara Estep,Thomas Fürst,Saman Fahimi,Anna S. Fahrion,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Andrea B. Feigl,Valery L. Feigin,Manuela Mendonca Felicio,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Jefferson G Fernandes,Alize J. Ferrari,Thomas D. Fleming,Nataliya Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,F. Gerry R. Fowkes,Urbano Fra Paleo,Richard C. Franklin,Neal D. Futran,Lynne Gaffikin,Ketevan Gambashidze,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Francisco A García-Guerra,Ana C. Garcia,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Katherine B Gibney,Richard F. Gillum,Stuart Gilmour,Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi,Maurice Giroud,Elizabeth Glaser,Shifalika Goenka,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Diego Gonzalez-Medina,Caterina Guinovart,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Richard A. Gosselin,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Nicholas Graetz,K. Fern Greenwell,Harish Chander Gugnani,David Gunnell,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Juanita A. Haagsma,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Maria Hagströmer,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Hannah Hamavid,Mouhanad Hammami,Jamie Hancock,Graeme J. Hankey,Gillian M. Hansen,Hilda L Harb,Heather Harewood,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Roderick J. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,Ileana B. Heredia Pi,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Hideki Higashi,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,John Hornberger,H. Dean Hosgood,Mazeda Hossain,Peter J. Hotez,Damian G Hoy,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,John J Huang,Mark D. Huffman,Andrew J. Hughes,Abdullatif Husseini,Chantal Huynh,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Nayu Ikeda,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Samaya Ismayilova,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Simerjot K. Jassal,Simerjot K. Jassal,Sudha Jayaraman,Paul N. Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Jonathan C. Joseph,Knud Juel,Edmond K. Kabagambe,Haidong Kan,André Karch,Chante Karimkhani,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Konstantin Kazanjan,Dhruv S. Kazi,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Maia Kereselidze,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Gulfaraz Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Christian Kieling,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Sowarta Kosen,Meera Kotagal,Michael Kravchenko,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Hans Krueger,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Ernst J. Kuipers,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,Kaushalendra Kumar,Ravi Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Hmwe H Kyu,Taavi Lai,Arjun Lakshmana Balaji,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Pablo M. Lavados,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,Jongmin Lee,James Leigh,Mall Leinsalu,Ricky Leung,Carly E Levitz,Bin Li,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Chelsea A. Liddell,Stephen S Lim,Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima,Maggie Lind,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Belinda K Lloyd,Katherine T. Lofgren,Giancarlo Logroscino,Stephanie J. London,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Robyn M. Lucas,Raimundas Lunevicius,Ronan A Lyons,Stefan Ma,Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado,Michael F. MacIntyre,Mark T Mackay,Jennifer H MacLachlan,Carlos Magis-Rodriguez,Abbas Ali Mahdi,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Srikanth Mangalam,Christopher C. Mapoma,Marape Marape,Wagner Marcenes,Christopher Margono,Guy B. Marks,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Joseph R. 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Venkat Narayan,Denis Nash,Jamal Nasher,Chakib Nejjari,Robert G. Nelson,Marian L. Neuhouser,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Polly A. Newcomb,Lori M. Newman,C. R. Newton,Marie Ng,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Grant Nguyen,Nhung T Nguyen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,Shaun Odell,Martin O'Donnell,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Summer Lockett Ohno,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Saad B. Omer,John Nelson Opio,Orish Ebere Orisakwe,Katrina F Ortblad,Alberto Ortiz,Maria Lourdes K. Otayza,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Jeemon Panniyammakal,Christina Papachristou,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,George C Patton,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,Carlos A. Pellegrini,David M. Pereira,Sophie C. Peresson,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Bryan K. Phillips,David Phillips,Michael R. Phillips,Michael R. Phillips,Dietrich Plass,Frédéric B. 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TL;DR: In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors, the authors used the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
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Gabbe,Lynne Gaffikin,Emmanuela Gakidou,Amiran Gamkrelidze,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Ron T. Gansevoort,Francisco A García-Guerra,Evariste Gasana,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Peter W. Gething,Katherine B Gibney,Richard F. Gillum,Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi,Maurice Giroud,Giorgia Giussani,Shifalika Goenka,Ketevan Goginashvili,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Teresita González de Cosío,Dinorah González-Castell,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Richard L. Guerrant,Harish Chander Gugnani,Francis Guillemin,David Gunnell,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Maria Hagströmer,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Mouhanad Hammami,Graeme J. Hankey,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Tilahun Nigatu Haregu,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Lucia Hernandez,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,John Hornberger,H. Dean Hosgood,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,Howard Hu,Cheng Huang,John J Huang,Bryan Hubbell,Laetitia Huiart,Abdullatif Husseini,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Nayu Ikeda,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Samaya Ismayilova,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Henrica A. F. M. Jansen,Deborah Jarvis,Simerjot K. Jassal,Alejandra Jáuregui,Sudha Jayaraman,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Fan Jiang,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,Sidibe S Kany Roseline,Nadim E. Karam,André Karch,Corine Karema,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Dhruv S. Kazi,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Irma Khonelidze,Christian Kieling,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Brett M. Kissela,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,M Rifat Kose,Soewarta Kosen,Alexander Kraemer,Michael Kravchenko,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Hans Kromhout,Tiffany Ku,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J. Kuipers,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Taavi Lai,Arjun Lakshmana Balaji,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Dennis Odai Laryea,Pablo M. Lavados,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,Jongmin Lee,James Leigh,Ricky Leung,Miriam Levi,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Juan Liang,Xiaofeng Liang,Stephen S Lim,M. Patrice Lindsay,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Belinda K Lloyd,Giancarlo Logroscino,Stephanie J. London,Nancy Lopez,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Raimundas Lunevicius,Jixiang Ma,Stefan Ma,Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado,Michael F. MacIntyre,Carlos Magis-Rodriguez,Abbas Ali Mahdi,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Srikanth Mangalam,Christopher C. Mapoma,Marape Marape,Wagner Marcenes,David J. Margolis,David J. Margolis,Christopher Margono,Guy B. Marks,Randall V. Martin,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Mohammad T Mashal,Felix Masiye,Amanda J. Mason-Jones,Kunihiro Matsushita,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Abigail C. McKay,Martin McKee,Abigail McLain,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez,Wubegzier Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Michele Meltzer,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,George A. Mensah,Atte Meretoja,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Renata Micha,Ted R. Miller,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Awoke Misganaw,Santosh Mishra,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,K. A. Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Ami R Moore,Lidia Morawska,Rintaro Mori,Joanna Moschandreas,Wilkister N. Moturi,Dariush Mozaffarian,Ulrich O Mueller,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Erin C Mullany,Kinnari S. Murthy,Mohsen Naghavi,Ziad Nahas,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Devina Nand,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Denis Nash,Bruce Neal,Chakib Nejjari,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Charles R. Newton,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Jean de Dieu Ngirabega,Grant Nguyen,Nhung T Nguyen,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,José R Nogueira,Joan M. Nolla,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Saad B. Omer,John Nelson Opio,Ricardo Orozco,Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Charles D. H. Parry,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,Lilia S Pedraza,Andrea Pedroza,Ljiljana Pejin Stokic,Ayfer Pekericli,David M. Pereira,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Samuel A L Perry,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Hwee Pin Phua,Dietrich Plass,Dan Poenaru,Guilherme V. Polanczyk,Suzanne Polinder,Constance D. Pond,C. Arden Pope,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Farshad Pourmalek,John Powles,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M Prasad,Dima M. Qato,Amado D Quezada,D. Alex Quistberg,Lionel Racapé,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Ivo Rakovac,Saleem M Rana,Mayuree Rao,Homie Razavi,K. Srinath Reddy,Amany H Refaat,Amany H Refaat,Jürgen Rehm,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Patricia M. Riccio,Lee Richardson,Anne M. Riederer,Margaret Robinson,Anna Roca,Alina Rodriguez,David Rojas-Rueda,Isabelle Romieu,Luca Ronfani,Robin Room,Nobhojit Roy,George Mugambage Ruhago,Lesley Rushton,Nsanzimana Sabin,Ralph L. Sacco,Sukanta Saha,Ramesh Sahathevan,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Joshua A. Salomon,Deborah Salvo,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Juan Sanabria,Juan Sanabria,Luz Maria Sanchez,Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta,Lidia Sanchez-Riera,Logan Sandar,Itamar S. Santos,Amir Sapkota,Maheswar Satpathy,James E. Saunders,Monika Sawhney,Mete Saylan,Peter Scarborough,Jürgen C Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Berrin Serdar,Edson Serván-Mori,Gavin Shaddick,Saeid Shahraz,Teresa Shamah Levy,Siyi Shangguan,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Kenji Shibuya,Hwashin H. Shin,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Gitanjali M. Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Karen Sliwa,Michael Soljak,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Sergey Soshnikov,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nadine Steckling,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Natalie Stephens,Heidi Stöckl,Kurt Straif,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Lela Sturua,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Mamta Swaroop,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Braden Te Ao,Carolina Maria Teixeira,Martha M Téllez Rojo,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador,Sarah V Thackway,Blake Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Myriam Tobollik,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Leonardo Trasande,Matias Trillini,Ulises Trujillo,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Selen Begüm Uzun,Steven van de Vijver,Rita Van Dingenen,Coen H. Van Gool,Jim van Os,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Monica S. Vavilala,Lennert J. Veerman,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R. Wagner,Gregory R. Wagner,Stephen G Waller,Mitchell T. Wallin,Xia Wan,Haidong Wang,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Wenzhi Wang,Yanping Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Charlotte Watts,Charlotte Watts,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,K. Ryan Wessells,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Hywel C Williams,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,John Q. Wong,Anthony D. Woolf,Jonathan L. Wright,Jonathan L. Wright,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Lijing L. Yan,Gonghuan Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Muluken Azage Yenesew,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Zourkaleini Younoussi,Chuanhua Yu,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Maigeng Zhou,Jun Zhu,Shankuan Zhu,Xiaonong Zou,Joseph R. Zunt,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos,Christopher J L Murray +736 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
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