In monopolizing political power, the state claims to possess the best idea towards leading a society and solving its problems. While these claims may vary according to regime, all face the eventual failure of expectation on the part of its subjects. No regime can master all the variables in running the country, and so it must convince their subjects otherwise of its legitimacy, despite the reality of their failure. The apparatchik’s discourse is the interaction of the state’s discourse and that of its institutions. This discourse is used to uphold the state’s legitimacy through the expertise of its institutions. The most insidious application of this involves attacking dissidents who point out the state’s failure. Paul Ricoeur, in his work on character and identity, demonstrated the tension between two halves of human personality, the ipse, which is initiated by the self, and the idem, by society. The apparatchik’s discourse can attack this ipse and try to reduce the dissident to a state derived idem. Thus the discourse becomes a weapon in the struggle between the state and the dissident. This dissertation examines the apparatchik’s discourse through the works of four authors, Victor Serge’s Ville Conquise, S’il est minuit dans le siècle, and L’affaire Toulaév, Ammianus Marcellinus’ Res Gestae, Denis Diderot’s Essai sur la vie de Sénèque and Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, and George Orwell’s Burmese Days, Homage to Catalonia, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Despite the differences in time and culture, a thread runs through their works that reveals a continuous form in this discourse in political activity and, more importantly, in the lives of individual people. Despite this similarity, there is an important degree of difference between these works. Some texts explore the discourse as a means of understanding

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Problèmes de linguistique générale

Repression and reduction: the apparatchik's discourse in the works of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge and George Orwell

Î¤ÏŒÏ„Îμ, Î· Î‘Î1⁄2Î1⁄2Î± Ï†ÏŒÏ•ÎμÏƒÎμ Ï„Î1Ï‚ ÎoÎ¬Î»Ï„ÏƒÎμÏ‚ Ï„Î·Ï‚ ÎoÎ±Î1 Ï„Î± Ï€Î±Ï€Î¿Ï•Ï„ÏƒÎ1Î± Ï„Î·Ï‚. Î¤Î± Ï€ÏŒÎ ́Î1Î± Ï„Î·Ï‚ Î ́ÎμÎ1⁄2 ÎμÎ ̄Ï‡Î±Î1⁄2 Ï€Î1Î± ÎoÎ±Î1⁄2Î-Î1⁄2Î± ÎμÎ1⁄2Î ́Î1Î±Ï†Î-Ï•Î¿Î1⁄2. To ÏƒÏ...Î»Î»Î¿Î3Î ̄ÏƒÏ„Î·ÎoÎμ Ï€Î¿Î»Î»Î-Ï‚ Ï†Î¿Ï•Î-Ï‚ ÎoÎ±Î1 Ï„Î± ÎoÎ¿Î ̄Ï„Î±Î¶Îμ Ï€Î¬Î1⁄2Ï„Î± Î1⁄4Îμ Ï€ÎμÏ•Î1Î-Ï•Î3ÎμÎ1Î±Â· Î›ÎμÏ‚ Î1⁄2Î± Î3Î1Î1⁄2ÏŒÏ„Î±Î1⁄2 Ï€Î¿Ï„ÎÏ„Î ̄Ï€Î¿Ï„Î± Ï„Î·Ï‚ Ï€Ï•Î¿ÎoÎ¿Ï€Î®Ï‚, Ï„Î± Ï€ÏŒÎ ́Î1Î± Ï„Î·Ï‚; (AxiÃ3ti 1982: 9)

Orality, Reader Address and "Anonymous You": On Translating Second Person References from Modern Greek Prose

Dans cet article, il est question de conversion a l'islam dans la societe de Zanzibar (Afrique de l'est), majoritairement musulmane. On s'interroge sur le parcours de certains convertis a travers leur recit de vie, tout en considerant que cette parole exprime une attente, une duree suspendue. Deux arguments viennent etayer le propos de l'auteur : en changeant de religion, le converti ne trouve pas seulement un langage mais egalement une maniere de ressentir a la fois le monde et le moi. Autrement dit, toute conversion est un acte audible, visible et ostensible dont le sens est inseparable des rapports du converti avec son passe, les gens et les choses parmi lesquels sa vie trouve progressivement sa place. Se poser et exister comme converti musulman dans la societe swahili suppose la capacite de se saisir soi-meme reflexivement et transitivement.

/pdf/devenirs-musulmans-a-zanzibar-ou-l-etrangete-de-la-1gpj0monnd.pdf

Devenirs musulmans à Zanzibar ou l'étrangeté de la conversion

1. IN TRODUCTION Thisstudy focusesonVincentianCreole (hereafterVinC), an English-lexifiedvariety spoken on St. Vincent and the Grenadines. I examine primarily the combinations of words functioningas verbs with non-openclasses of words (prepositionsor adverbs) to form complex verb forms. The term complex verb form describes the multi-part property of the elements I focus on, referred to henceforth as [V+P] V . I propose that these [V+P] V can be accounted for as compound verbs. The lexical elements that are morphed in the [V+P] V combinations examined here were borrowed from English. Rather than viewing the resulting morphemes as simplified versions of the English combinations, I show that there are varying measures of opacity, inherited through contact with English. To account for VinC [V+P] V constructions there need not be an exotic theory that applies to creoles uniquely. The outcomes I have elected to highlight, idiosyncratic though they may seem with respect to their semantic values, owe much to the lexical resourcesavailable in English. In short, English [V+P] V constructions provide an adequate model for the creation of new combinations following the same pattern in VinC. Contact varieties traditionally categorized as creoles and their “reduced morphology” have been the object of much debate. Previous attempts to account for creoles as reduced forms of European languages (Bloomfield 1933:472) have not gone unnoticed, contrary to Hymes’ (1971:3) call to consider creoles as systems in their own right rather than deviations from other languages. Consequently, the dominant conventionalwisdom is that contact varieties, labeled creoles, are set apart from mainstream languages, languages from which they derived. In this long-held view, creole varieties are offshoots of European varieties and African varieties. A number of widely read authors, non-linguists and linguists alike, have unwittingly confused the differences between creole varieties and their contributing superstrates with deficiency (DeGraff 2003 provides an inventory). Of late, the call to consider creoles as full-fledged linguistic structures has been reiterated by DeGraff (2003) and Kouwenberg (2010:184) among others. As linguists, we should guard against accounting for creoles as languages that require a

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/89C1EE2C9AA18922079A985D38C32654/S0008413100001766a.pdf/div-class-title-the-morphology-and-compositionality-of-particle-verb-constructions-in-vincentian-creole-div.pdf

The morphology and compositionality of particle verb constructions in Vincentian Creole

Les operateurs aspectuels de base « accomplis » et « inaccomplis » ont deja ete envisages par les Stoiciens pour le grec ancien. Ces operateurs, dans une perspective moderne, se realisent sur des intervalles topologiques avec des bornes ouvertes et fermees. Nous definissons precisement les operateurs aspectuels d’etat, d’evenement, de processus et d’etat resultant qui sont integres dans le formalisme de la Logique Combinatoire typee de Curry. Une structure classique de groupe de transformations de Klein entre les principales valeurs aspectuelles est presentee. Il s’agit de montrer comment relier dans le meme formalisme les significations aspectuelles des verbes, representees par des schemes, et leur composition avec des operateurs aspectuels grammaticalises. L’article presente la theorie a partir des quelques exemples detailles depuis les analyses morphosyntaxiques- jusqu’aux presentations metalinguistiques dans le cadre du modele de la grammaire applicative et cognitive. Les representations obtenues sont destinees a formaliser des inferences grammaticales et lexicales qui seront abordees dans un prochain article.

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Opérateurs aspecto-temporels et logique combinatoire

Communication using symbols (such as words) structured with grammar

Problèmes de linguistique générale

Citations

Repression and reduction: the apparatchik's discourse in the works of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge and George Orwell

Orality, Reader Address and "Anonymous You": On Translating Second Person References from Modern Greek Prose

Devenirs musulmans à Zanzibar ou l'étrangeté de la conversion

The morphology and compositionality of particle verb constructions in Vincentian Creole

Opérateurs aspecto-temporels et logique combinatoire

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