its beginning, the value of the teaching of history , geography and citizenship education in France had to do with politics. However, the conten t a d forms of the relationship between politics and practices have changed, especially sin ce the conditions for defining the educational contents have evolved. In addition, cur rently, while changes in work tend to put political aspects in the heart of practices, on the contrary civic aims seem to move away from the requirements for the teaching of HGEC to the em phasis on the inculcation of social norms or moral. 1 Noté HGEC dans la suite du texte. Actes du colloque international de didactique de l’histoire, de la géographie et éducation à la citoyenneté, mars 2011, INRP, Lyon. 20 This may explain the paradoxical dual nature of these lessons: on one hand, their strength, as proved by their perennial place in the education pr gram; on the other hand their instability revealed by the numerous critics and controversies th y are proned to.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01951162/document

Problèmes de linguistique générale

Que valent les apprentissages en histoire, géographie et éducation à la citoyenneté ?

European resumptive-introductory relative pronouns and the correspondent type of relative clause are one of the core properties of the Standard Average European (Indo)-European languages are typologically isolated in having developed a clause-initial case-marked pronoun that introduces a relative clause Taking into account not only the standard, but also the non-standard, language’s usages, especially considering differences between speech and writing, the paper argues in favour of a more complex view about European relative clauses European relative pronouns come from two different evolutionary lines Continental West Germanic languages (Dutch, German) maintain and still use an inflected (Indo-European) relative pronoun while Romance languages, Greek, and English adopt a mixed system where an inflected relative pronoun alternates with an invariant marker introducing relative clauses and it is the last form that better continues the IE form In fact, in these same languages the ‘new’ relative pronoun (from *ille qualis) is a Medieval (at least XII century) innovation originated in a common written (literary) tradition, influenced by Latin language So, the diffusion in Europe of the relative pronoun strategy reflects the ‘sharing’ of a common (written) cultural tradition Its written origins explain the relative uniqueness of the relative pronoun strategy if cross-linguistically considered *

European relative clauses and the uniqueness of the relative pronoun type

This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under the Regional Initiative of Excellence programme for the years 2019-2022; project number 009/RID/2018/19, the amount of funding: PLN 10 947.15. It has also received financial support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under subsidy for maintaining the research potential of the Faculty of Philology, University of Bialystok.

background

/pdf/modal-adverbs-in-english-and-polish-a-functional-perspective-5axadf368t.pdf

Modal Adverbs in English and Polish. A Functional Perspective

In descriptions of languages, we make use of morphosyntactic features such as gender, number or person. This paper shows that sometimes choosing the features and values to describe a language is not straightforward, and the decision of whether or not to use a particular feature requires careful consideration. Thus, when determining a language’s feature inventory, we should consider both why we posit a given feature, and how many values to posit for the feature. In our case study we look closely at the Daghestanian language Archi. It is usually assumed that languages have a person feature, but with Archi this is not self-evident. Archi (like some related languages) has no unique forms for agreement in person, and the standard descriptions of this language do not involve the feature person. However, the agreement patterns in Archi may be interpreted in favour of the presence of this feature, despite the absence of any phonologically distinct forms realising it. Thus, we claim that Archi does have the feature of person that had not been recognised for this language before. We also give a brief overview of the category of person in the languages of Daghestan.

/pdf/determining-a-language-s-feature-inventory-person-in-archi-31qy1dlpnb.pdf

Determining a language’s feature inventory: person in Archi

Umwelt and semiosphere

Communication using symbols (such as words) structured with grammar

Problèmes de linguistique générale

Citations

Que valent les apprentissages en histoire, géographie et éducation à la citoyenneté ?

European relative clauses and the uniqueness of the relative pronoun type

Modal Adverbs in English and Polish. A Functional Perspective

Determining a language’s feature inventory: person in Archi

Umwelt and semiosphere

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