Showing papers by "University of Potsdam published in 2021"
University of Granada1, ETH Zurich2, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign3, University of Groningen4, University of Utah5, University of Potsdam6, University of Tokyo7, University of Jaén8, University College Cork9, Seoul National University10, University of Glasgow11, University of Denver12, Princeton University13, Spanish National Research Council14, University of Grenoble15, National Museum of Natural History16, University of Bonn17, Panjab University, Chandigarh18, University of Düsseldorf19, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology20, Technical University of Berlin21, John Innes Centre22, Nanjing University23, Massachusetts Institute of Technology24, Leiden University25, Fudan University26, Chinese Academy of Sciences27
TL;DR: The review discusses the new classes of RiPPs that have been discovered, the advances in the understanding of the installation of both primary and secondary post-translational modifications, and the mechanisms by which the enzymes recognize the leader peptides in their substrates.
318 citations
275 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight how obesity and impaired metabolic health increase complications and mortality in COVID-19 and summarize the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection for organ function and risk of NCDs.
Abstract: Obesity and impaired metabolic health are established risk factors for the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, otherwise known as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). With the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), obesity and impaired metabolic health also emerged as important determinants of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, novel findings indicate that specifically visceral obesity and characteristics of impaired metabolic health such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and subclinical inflammation are associated with a high risk of severe COVID-19. In this Review, we highlight how obesity and impaired metabolic health increase complications and mortality in COVID-19. We also summarize the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection for organ function and risk of NCDs. In addition, we discuss data indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic could have serious consequences for the obesity epidemic. As obesity and impaired metabolic health are both accelerators and consequences of severe COVID-19, and might adversely influence the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, we propose strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity and impaired metabolic health on a clinical and population level, particularly while the COVID-19 pandemic is present.
264 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the why and how of these successful recovery attempts through business model innovation by conducting a multiple case study of six hospitality firms in Austria, relying on interview data from managers together with one of their main stammgasts for each case, which they triangulate with secondary data for the analysis.
216 citations
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration1, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences2, University of Nantes3, British Geological Survey4, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris5, University of Potsdam6, University of Strasbourg7, Technical University of Denmark8, University of Savoy9, ETH Zurich10, Goddard Space Flight Center11, University of Leeds12, University of Newcastle13, Austrian Academy of Sciences14, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales15, Ramon Llull University16, Kobe University17, Nagoya University18, Complutense University of Madrid19, Geoscience Research Institute20, Max Planck Society21, China Earthquake Administration22, Kyoto University23, Chinese Academy of Sciences24
TL;DR: The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) was adopted by the IGA Division V Working Group (V-MOD) in 2019 as discussed by the authors, which provides the equations defining the IGRF, the spherical harmonic coefficients for this thirteenth generation model, maps of magnetic declination, inclination, and total field intensity for the epoch 2020.0, and maps of their predicted rate of change for the 2020 to 2025.0 time period.
Abstract: In December 2019, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Division V Working Group (V-MOD) adopted the thirteenth generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). This IGRF updates the previous generation with a definitive main field model for epoch 2015.0, a main field model for epoch 2020.0, and a predictive linear secular variation for 2020.0 to 2025.0. This letter provides the equations defining the IGRF, the spherical harmonic coefficients for this thirteenth generation model, maps of magnetic declination, inclination and total field intensity for the epoch 2020.0, and maps of their predicted rate of change for the 2020.0 to 2025.0 time period.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the safety and economic impacts triggered by poorly understood key processes are identified, such as the formation of corrosive hydrogen sulfide gas, hydrogen loss due to the activity of microbes or permeability changes due to geochemical interactions impacting on the predictability of hydrogen flow through porous media.
Abstract: Expectations for energy storage are high but large-scale underground hydrogen storage in porous media (UHSP) remains largely untested. This article identifies and discusses the scientific challenges of hydrogen storage in porous media for safe and efficient large-scale energy storage to enable a global hydrogen economy. To facilitate hydrogen supply on the scales required for a zero-carbon future, it must be stored in porous geological formations, such as saline aquifers and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Large-scale UHSP offers the much-needed capacity to balance inter-seasonal discrepancies between demand and supply, decouple energy generation from demand and decarbonise heating and transport, supporting decarbonisation of the entire energy system. Despite the vast opportunity provided by UHSP, the maturity is considered low and as such UHSP is associated with several uncertainties and challenges. Here, the safety and economic impacts triggered by poorly understood key processes are identified, such as the formation of corrosive hydrogen sulfide gas, hydrogen loss due to the activity of microbes or permeability changes due to geochemical interactions impacting on the predictability of hydrogen flow through porous media. The wide range of scientific challenges facing UHSP are outlined to improve procedures and workflows for the hydrogen storage cycle, from site selection to storage site operation. Multidisciplinary research, including reservoir engineering, chemistry, geology and microbiology, more complex than required for CH4 or CO2 storage is required in order to implement the safe, efficient and much needed large-scale commercial deployment of UHSP.
207 citations
University of Calgary1, ETH Zurich2, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences3, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research4, University of Washington5, University of Zurich6, University of Potsdam7, United States Geological Survey8, University of Minnesota9, University of Graz10, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna11, University of Toulouse12, University of Utah13, Heidelberg University14, University of Geneva15, University of Leeds16, Simon Fraser University17, Newcastle University18, University of Dayton19, University of Oslo20, Planetary Science Institute21, University of Alberta22, University of Grenoble23, University of Sheffield24, Indian Institute of Technology Indore25, University of Dundee26, UNESCO27, Jawaharlal Nehru University28, Stockholm International Water Institute29, University of British Columbia30, University of Exeter31, Kathmandu32, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology33, University of Kashmir34, University of Delhi35, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development36, Utrecht University37, University of Chile38, Northumbria University39
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of satellite imagery, seismic records, numerical model results, and eyewitness videos reveals that ~27x106 m3 of rock and glacier ice collapsed from the steep north face of Ronti Peak.
Abstract: On 7 Feb 2021, a catastrophic mass flow descended the Ronti Gad, Rishiganga, and Dhauliganga valleys in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India, causing widespread devastation and severely damaging two hydropower projects. Over 200 people were killed or are missing. Our analysis of satellite imagery, seismic records, numerical model results, and eyewitness videos reveals that ~27x106 m3 of rock and glacier ice collapsed from the steep north face of Ronti Peak. The rock and ice avalanche rapidly transformed into an extraordinarily large and mobile debris flow that transported boulders >20 m in diameter, and scoured the valley walls up to 220 m above the valley floor. The intersection of the hazard cascade with downvalley infrastructure resulted in a disaster, which highlights key questions about adequate monitoring and sustainable development in the Himalaya as well as other remote, high-mountain environments.
201 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of known physical interactions between the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the El-Nino Southern Oscillation and the Amazon rainforest using a conceptual network approach are analyzed.
Abstract: . There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe consequences for biosphere and human societies. While their individual tipping thresholds are fairly well understood, it is of yet unclear how their interactions might impact the overall stability of the Earth's climate system. This cannot be studied yet with state-of-the-art Earth system models due to computational constraints as well as missing and uncertain process representations of some tipping elements. Here, we explicitly study the effects of known physical interactions between the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the El-Nino Southern Oscillation and the Amazon rainforest using a conceptual network approach. We analyse the risk of domino effects being triggered by each of the individual tipping elements under global warming in equilibrium experiments, propagating uncertainties in critical temperature thresholds and interaction strengths via a Monte-Carlo approach. Overall, we find that the interactions tend to destabilise the network. Furthermore, our analysis reveals the qualitative role of each of the five tipping elements showing that the polar ice sheets on Greenland and West Antarctica are oftentimes the initiators of tipping cascades, while the AMOC acts as a mediator, transmitting cascades. This implies that the ice sheets, which are already at risk of transgressing their temperature thresholds within the Paris range of 1.5 to 2 °C, are of particular importance for the stability of the climate system as a whole.
194 citations
Chinese Academy of Sciences1, Tsinghua University2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research3, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency4, Utrecht University5, University of Potsdam6, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis7, National Institute for Environmental Studies8, Kyoto University9, Polytechnic University of Milan10, European Institute11, Joint Global Change Research Institute12
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a multimodel study and found that the 1.5°C-consistent goal would require China to reduce its carbon emissions and energy consumption by more than 90 and 39%, respectively, compared with the "no policy" case.
Abstract: Given the increasing interest in keeping global warming below 1.5°C, a key question is what this would mean for China's emission pathway, energy restructuring, and decarbonization. By conducting a multimodel study, we find that the 1.5°C-consistent goal would require China to reduce its carbon emissions and energy consumption by more than 90 and 39%, respectively, compared with the "no policy" case. Negative emission technologies play an important role in achieving near-zero emissions, with captured carbon accounting on average for 20% of the total reductions in 2050. Our multimodel comparisons reveal large differences in necessary emission reductions across sectors, whereas what is consistent is that the power sector is required to achieve full decarbonization by 2050. The cross-model averages indicate that China's accumulated policy costs may amount to 2.8 to 5.7% of its gross domestic product by 2050, given the 1.5°C warming limit.
190 citations
Uppsala University1, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute2, University of Minnesota3, Leibniz Association4, University of Regina5, Queen's University Belfast6, University of Missouri7, Miami University8, European Space Agency9, Dundalk Institute of Technology10, University of Helsinki11, University of Nevada, Reno12, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn13, University of Gdańsk14, Moscow State University15, University of Potsdam16, University of Oklahoma17, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources18, New York City Department of Environmental Protection19, Institut national de la recherche agronomique20, University of Milan21, National Institute for Environmental Studies22, University of Hamburg23, Ontario Ministry of the Environment24, IRSA25, University of California, Davis26, Laval University27, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology28, University of Innsbruck29, Vrije Universiteit Brussel30, ETH Zurich31, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research32, Institute of Ecosystem Studies33, State University of New York at Oneonta34
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed a combined total of 45,148 dissolved oxygen and temperature profiles and calculate trends for 393 temperate lakes that span 1941 to 2017, finding that a decline in dissolved oxygen is widespread in surface and deep water habitats.
Abstract: The concentration of dissolved oxygen in aquatic systems helps to regulate biodiversity1,2, nutrient biogeochemistry3, greenhouse gas emissions4, and the quality of drinking water5. The long-term declines in dissolved oxygen concentrations in coastal and ocean waters have been linked to climate warming and human activity6,7, but little is known about the changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations in lakes. Although the solubility of dissolved oxygen decreases with increasing water temperatures, long-term lake trajectories are difficult to predict. Oxygen losses in warming lakes may be amplified by enhanced decomposition and stronger thermal stratification8,9 or oxygen may increase as a result of enhanced primary production10. Here we analyse a combined total of 45,148 dissolved oxygen and temperature profiles and calculate trends for 393 temperate lakes that span 1941 to 2017. We find that a decline in dissolved oxygen is widespread in surface and deep-water habitats. The decline in surface waters is primarily associated with reduced solubility under warmer water temperatures, although dissolved oxygen in surface waters increased in a subset of highly productive warming lakes, probably owing to increasing production of phytoplankton. By contrast, the decline in deep waters is associated with stronger thermal stratification and loss of water clarity, but not with changes in gas solubility. Our results suggest that climate change and declining water clarity have altered the physical and chemical environment of lakes. Declines in dissolved oxygen in freshwater are 2.75 to 9.3 times greater than observed in the world’s oceans6,7 and could threaten essential lake ecosystem services2,3,5,11. Analysis of temperate lakes finds a widespread decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations in surface and deep waters, which is associated with reduced solubility at warmer surface water temperatures and increased stratification at depth.
171 citations
TL;DR: The present call for action paper gives an update of recent cardiac telerehabilitation studies and provides a practical guide for the setup of a comprehensive cardiac teleRehabilitation intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Abstract: The role of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation is well established in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. Numerous trials have demonstrated both the effectiveness as well as the cost-effectiveness of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in improving exercise capacity and quality of life, and in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. However, the current COVID-19 pandemic has led to closure of many cardiac rehabilitation centres in Europe resulting in many eligible patients unable to participate in the optimisation of secondary prevention and physical performance. This elicits an even louder call for alternatives such as cardiac telerehabilitation to maintain the delivery of the core components of cardiac rehabilitation to cardiovascular disease patients. The present call for action paper gives an update of recent cardiac telerehabilitation studies and provides a practical guide for the setup of a comprehensive cardiac telerehabilitation intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. This set up could also be relevant to any cardiovascular disease patient not able to visit cardiac rehabilitation centres regularly after the COVID-19 pandemic ceases.
Science for Life Laboratory1, Swedish Museum of Natural History2, Stockholm University3, University of Copenhagen4, Francis Crick Institute5, University of California, Santa Cruz6, University of Potsdam7, Middle East Technical University8, Natural History Museum9, China Agricultural University10, Russian Academy of Sciences11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the recovery of genome-wide data from three mammoth specimens dating to the Early and Middle Pleistocene subepochs, two of which are more than one million years old.
Abstract: Temporal genomic data hold great potential for studying evolutionary processes such as speciation. However, sampling across speciation events would, in many cases, require genomic time series that stretch well back into the Early Pleistocene subepoch. Although theoretical models suggest that DNA should survive on this timescale1, the oldest genomic data recovered so far are from a horse specimen dated to 780–560 thousand years ago2. Here we report the recovery of genome-wide data from three mammoth specimens dating to the Early and Middle Pleistocene subepochs, two of which are more than one million years old. We find that two distinct mammoth lineages were present in eastern Siberia during the Early Pleistocene. One of these lineages gave rise to the woolly mammoth and the other represents a previously unrecognized lineage that was ancestral to the first mammoths to colonize North America. Our analyses reveal that the Columbian mammoth of North America traces its ancestry to a Middle Pleistocene hybridization between these two lineages, with roughly equal admixture proportions. Finally, we show that the majority of protein-coding changes associated with cold adaptation in woolly mammoths were already present one million years ago. These findings highlight the potential of deep-time palaeogenomics to expand our understanding of speciation and long-term adaptive evolution. Siberian mammoth genomes from the Early and Middle Pleistocene subepochs reveal adaptive changes and a key hybridization event, highlighting the value of deep-time palaeogenomics for studies of speciation and long-term evolutionary trends.
Daphne Donis1, Evanthia Mantzouki1, Daniel Frank Mcginnis1, Dominic Vachon2 +199 more•Institutions (65)
TL;DR: In this article, Verspagen, van Herk and van Wijk present a collection of essays with the same authors, including a discussion of the role of gender in the relationship between women and women's empowerment.
Abstract: Output Status: Forthcoming/Available Online Additional co-authors: Jolanda Verspagen, Maria van Herk, Maria G. Antoniou, Nikoletta Tsiarta, Valerie McCarthy, Victor C. Perello, Danielle Machado-Vieira, Alinne Gurjao de Oliveira, Dubravka Spoljaric Maronic, Filip Stevic, Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer, Itana Bokan Vucelic, Petar Žutinic, Marija Gligora Udovic, Anđelka Plenkovic-Moraj, Ludek Blaha, Rodan Geris, Marketa Frankova, Kirsten Seestern Christoffersen, Trine Perlt Warming, Tonu Feldmann, Alo Laas, Kristel Panksep, Lea Tuvikene, Kersti Kangro, Judita Koreiviene, Jurate Karosiene, Jurate Kasperoviciene, Ksenija Savadova-Ratkus, Irma Vitonyte, Kerstin Haggqvist, Pauliina Salmi, Lauri Arvola, Karl Rothhaupt, Christos Avagianos, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Spyros Gkelis, Manthos Panou, Theodoros Triantis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, Anastasia Hiskia, Ulrike Obertegger, Adriano Boscaini, Giovanna Flaim, Nico Salmaso, Leonardo Cerasino, Sigrid Haande, Birger Skjelbred, Magdalena Grabowska, Maciej Karpowicz, Damian Chmura, Lidia Nawrocka, Justyna Kobos, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Pablo Alcaraz-Parraga, Elzbieta Wilk-Wozniak, Wojciech Krzton, Edward Walusiak, Ilona Gagala-Borowska, Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek, Magdalena Toporowska, Barbara Pawlik-Skowronska, Michal Niedzwiecki, Wojciech Peczula, Agnieszka Napiorkowska-Krzebietke, Julita Dunalska, Justyna Sienska, Daniel Szymanski, Marek Kruk, Agnieszka Budzynska, Ryszard Goldyn, Anna Kozak, Joanna Rosinska, Elzbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska, Piotr Domek, Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska, Kinga Kwasizur, Beata Messyasz, Aleksandra Pelechata, Mariusz Pelechaty, Mikolaj Kokocinski, Beata Madrecka-Witkowska, Iwona Kostrzewska-Szlakowska, Magdalena Frąk, Agnieszka Bankowska-Sobczak, Michal Wasilewicz, Agnieszka Ochocka, Agnieszka Pasztaleniec, Iwona Jasser, Ana M. Antao-Geraldes, Manel Leira, Vitor Vasconcelos, Joao Morais, Micaela Vale, Pedro M. Raposeiro, Vitor Goncalves, Boris Aleksovski, Svetislav Krstic, Hana Nemova, Iveta Drastichova, Lucia Chomova, Spela Remec-Rekar, Tina Elersek, Lars-Anders Hansson, Pablo Urrutia-Cordero, Andrea G. Bravo, Moritz Buck, William Colom-Montero, Kristiina Mustonen, Don Pierson, Yang Yang, Christine Edwards, Hannah Cromie, Jordi Delgado-Martin, David Garcia, Jose Luis Cereijo, Joan Goma, Mari Carmen Trapote, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrubia, Biel Obrador, Ana Garcia-Murcia, Monserrat Real, Elvira Romans, Jordi Noguero-Ribes, David Parreno Duque, Elisabeth Fernandez-Moran, Barbara Ubeda, Jose Angel Galvez, Nuria Catalan, Carmen Perez-Martinez, Eloisa Ramos-Rodriguez, Carmen Cillero-Castro, Enrique Moreno-Ostos, Jose Maria Blanco, Valeriano Rodriguez, Jorge Juan Montes-Perez, Roberto L. Palomino, Estela Rodriguez-Perez, Armand Hernandez, Rafael Carballeira, Antonio Camacho, Antonio Picazo, Carlos Rochera, Anna C. Santamans, Carmen Ferriol, Susana Romo, Juan Miguel Soria, Arda Ozen, Tunay Karan, Nilsun Demir, Meryem Beklioglu, Nur Filiz, Eti Levi, Ugur Iskin, Gizem Bezirci, Ulku Nihan Tavsanoglu, Kemal Celik, Koray Ozhan, Nusret Karakaya, Mehmet Ali Turan Kocer, Mete Yilmaz, Faruk Maras¸lioglu, Ozden Fakioglu, Elif Neyran Soylu, Meral Apaydin Yagci, Sakir Cinar, Kadir Capkin, Abdulkadir Yagci, Mehmet Cesur, Fuat Bilgin, Cafer Bulut, Rahmi Uysal, Koker Latife, Reyhan Akcaalan, Meric Albay, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Korhan Ozkan, Tugba Ongun Sevindik, Hatice Tunca, Burcin Onem, Hans Paerl, Cayelan C. Carey, Bastiaan W. Ibelings
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation1, International Livestock Research Institute2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research3, Cornell University4, Chatham House5, University of Queensland6, Deakin University7, International Center for Tropical Agriculture8, University of Copenhagen9, University of Oxford10, Johns Hopkins University11, ETH Zurich12, Stanford University13, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis14, Environmental Change Institute15, Wageningen University and Research Centre16, University of Aberdeen17, CGIAR18, Utrecht University19, University of Minnesota20, The Nature Conservancy21, Yale University22, University of Potsdam23
TL;DR: Emerging trade-offs need to be intentionally addressed to achieve true sustainability, particularly those involving social aspects like inequality in its many forms, social justice, and strong institutions, which remain challenging.
TL;DR: This review describes sarcopenia as a muscle-wasting syndrome distinct from other atrophic diseases and summarizes the current view on molecular causes of sarcopenian development as well as open questions provoking further research efforts.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that upon protonation of Schiff-base moieties, donor-acceptor (D-A) type imine-linked COFs can produce hydrogen with a rate as high as 20.7 mmol g -1 h -1 under visible light irradiation.
Abstract: Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as an important class of organic semiconductors and photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)from water. To optimize their photocatalytic activity, typically the organic moieties constituting the frameworks are considered and the most suitable combinations of them are searched for. However, the effect of the covalent linkage between these moieties on the photocatalytic performance has rarely been studied. Herein, we demonstrate that donor-acceptor (D-A) type imine-linked COFs can produce hydrogen with a rate as high as 20.7 mmol g-1 h-1 under visible light irradiation, upon protonation of their imine linkages. A significant red-shift in light absorbance, largely improved charge separation efficiency, and an increase in hydrophilicity triggered by protonation of the Schiff-base moieties in the imine-linked COFs, are responsible for the improved photocatalytic performance.
King's College London1, University at Buffalo2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, University of Bremen4, University of Oslo5, University of Alaska Fairbanks6, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research7, Utrecht University8, Université libre de Bruxelles9, California Institute of Technology10, University of Grenoble11, University of St Andrews12, University of California, San Diego13, University of Edinburgh14, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis15, University of Leeds16, University of Tokyo17, University of Reading18, Met Office19, National Center for Atmospheric Research20, University of Bristol21, Université Paris-Saclay22, Goddard Institute for Space Studies23, Columbia University24, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research25, Victoria University of Wellington26, Los Alamos National Laboratory27, Colorado State University28, Hokkaido University29, University of California, Irvine30, Universities Space Research Association31, University of Liège32, Nagoya University33, Australian Antarctic Division34, University of Tasmania35, University of Lapland36, Norwegian Polar Institute37, University of Tromsø38, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research39, University of Fribourg40, ETH Zurich41, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research42, Vrije Universiteit Brussel43, GNS Science44, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory45, University of Innsbruck46, University of Liverpool47, University of British Columbia48, Carnegie Mellon University49, Memorial University of Newfoundland50, Pennsylvania State University51, University of Potsdam52, Beijing Normal University53, CSC – IT Center for Science54
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate probability distributions for these projections under the new scenarios using statistical emulation of the ice sheet and glacier models, and find that limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would halve the land ice contribution to twenty-first-century sea level rise, relative to current emissions pledges.
Abstract: The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted1 using ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using coordinated exploration of uncertainties arising from the various computer models involved. Two recent international projects generated a large suite of projections using multiple models2,3,4,5,6,7,8, but primarily used previous-generation scenarios9 and climate models10, and could not fully explore known uncertainties. Here we estimate probability distributions for these projections under the new scenarios11,12 using statistical emulation of the ice sheet and glacier models. We find that limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would halve the land ice contribution to twenty-first-century sea level rise, relative to current emissions pledges. The median decreases from 25 to 13 centimetres sea level equivalent (SLE) by 2100, with glaciers responsible for half the sea level contribution. The projected Antarctic contribution does not show a clear response to the emissions scenario, owing to uncertainties in the competing processes of increasing ice loss and snowfall accumulation in a warming climate. However, under risk-averse (pessimistic) assumptions, Antarctic ice loss could be five times higher, increasing the median land ice contribution to 42 centimetres SLE under current policies and pledges, with the 95th percentile projection exceeding half a metre even under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming. This would severely limit the possibility of mitigating future coastal flooding. Given this large range (between 13 centimetres SLE using the main projections under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming and 42 centimetres SLE using risk-averse projections under current pledges), adaptation planning for twenty-first-century sea level rise must account for a factor-of-three uncertainty in the land ice contribution until climate policies and the Antarctic response are further constrained.
University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust1, Goethe University Frankfurt2, University College London3, University of Tübingen4, University of Augsburg5, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich6, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven7, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology8, Ghent University Hospital9, University of Sheffield10, Leiden University11, Medical University of South Carolina12, University of Potsdam13, Dresden University of Technology14, Utah State University15, Oslo University Hospital16, University of Oslo17, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg18, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico19, University of Milan20, Vienna University of Technology21, Università Campus Bio-Medico22, Complutense University of Madrid23, Queen Mary University of London24, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University25, University of Würzburg26, Maastricht University27, Harvard University28, University of Liège29, Peking Union Medical College30, University of Leeds31, Medical University of Vienna32, University of California, Irvine33, University of Brasília34, Mersin University35, Vrije Universiteit Brussel36, City College of New York37, Erasmus University Rotterdam38, Heidelberg University39, University of Bern40, University of Düsseldorf41, University of Minnesota42, University of California, San Diego43, University of Göttingen44, University of Greifswald45, University of Pittsburgh46, Logan College of Chiropractic47, University of Padua48, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center49, University Hospital Bonn50, German Sport University Cologne51, McMaster University52, Greifswald University Hospital53, University of Ostrava54
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) literature is presented, and a set of minimal reporting items are proposed to guide future tVNS studies.
Abstract: Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantify climate and SDG outcomes, showing that strong interventions across many dimensions, together with ambitious lifestyle change, are needed to enable real progress towards the UN Agenda 2030.
Abstract: Ambitious climate policies, as well as economic development, education, technological progress and less resource-intensive lifestyles, are crucial elements for progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, using an integrated modelling framework covering 56 indicators or proxies across all 17 SDGs, we show that they are insufficient to reach the targets. An additional sustainable development package, including international climate finance, progressive redistribution of carbon pricing revenues, sufficient and healthy nutrition and improved access to modern energy, enables a more comprehensive sustainable development pathway. We quantify climate and SDG outcomes, showing that these interventions substantially boost progress towards many aspects of the UN Agenda 2030 and simultaneously facilitate reaching ambitious climate targets. Nonetheless, several important gaps remain; for example, with respect to the eradication of extreme poverty (180 million people remaining in 2030). These gaps can be closed by 2050 for many SDGs while also respecting the 1.5 °C target and several other planetary boundaries. Current action is insufficient to meet both the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. Integrated model-based analysis shows that strong interventions across many dimensions, together with ambitious lifestyle change, are needed to enable real progress towards the UN Agenda 2030.
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 384 studies that measured allelopathic effects of one species on another species or itself reveals that allelopathy could contribute to success of alien plants and the negative relationship between phylogenetic distance and allelelopathy indicates that alle lopathy might contribute to coexistence of closely related species or dominance of single species.
Abstract: Allelopathy (i.e. chemical interactions between plants) is known to affect individual performance, community structure and plant invasions. Yet, a quantitative synthesis is lacking. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of 384 studies that measured allelopathic effects of one species (allelopathy plant) on another species or itself (test plant). Overall, allelopathy reduced plant performance by 25%, but the variation in allelopathy was high. The type of method affected the allelopathic effect: compared to leachates, allelopathy was more negative when residues of allelopathy plants were applied, and less negative when soil conditioned by allelopathy plants was applied. The negative effects of allelopathy diminished with study duration, and increased with concentrations of leachates or residues. Although allelopathy was not significantly related to lifespan, life form or domestication of the interacting plants, it became more negative with increasing phylogenetic distance. Moreover, native plants suffered more from leachates of naturalised alien plants than from leachates of other native plants. Our synthesis reveals that allelopathy could contribute to success of alien plants. The negative relationship between phylogenetic distance and allelopathy indicates that allelopathy might contribute to coexistence of closely related species (i.e. convergence) or dominance of single species.
TL;DR: The authors examined two opposing expectations about the pandemic's impacts on gender equality: the optimistic view and the pessimistic view, and drew on three waves of survey data from a non-probability sample from Germany.
Abstract: Drawing on three waves of survey data from a non-probability sample from Germany, this paper examines two opposing expectations about the pandemic’s impacts on gender equality: The optimistic view ...
01 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the atmospheric, land surface and socio-economic processes that produce river floods with disastrous consequences is presented, where the authors examine the physical and socioeconomic causes and impacts of disastrous river flooding and past and projected trends in their occurrence.
Abstract: Disastrous floods have caused millions of fatalities in the twentieth century, tens of billions of dollars of direct economic loss each year and serious disruption to global trade. In this Review, we provide a synthesis of the atmospheric, land surface and socio-economic processes that produce river floods with disastrous consequences. Disastrous floods have often been caused by processes fundamentally different from those of non-disastrous floods, such as unusual but recurring atmospheric circulation patterns or failures of flood defences, which lead to high levels of damage because they are unexpected both by citizens and by flood managers. Past trends in economic flood impacts show widespread increases, mostly driven by economic and population growth. However, the number of fatalities and people affected has decreased since the mid-1990s because of risk reduction measures, such as improved risk awareness and structural flood defences. Disastrous flooding is projected to increase in many regions, particularly in Asia and Africa, owing to climate and socio-economic changes, although substantial uncertainties remain. Assessing the risk of disastrous river floods requires a deeper understanding of their distinct causes. Transdisciplinary research is needed to understand the potential for surprise in flood risk systems better and to operationalize risk management concepts that account for limited knowledge and unexpected developments. River floods have direct and indirect consequences for society, and can cause fatalities, displacement and economic loss. This Review examines the physical and socioeconomic causes and impacts of disastrous river flooding, and past and projected trends in their occurrence.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that further progress in solar and wind-power technology along with carbon pricing to reach the Paris Climate targets could make electricity cheaper than carbon-based fuels.
Abstract: Cost degression in photovoltaics, wind-power and battery storage has been faster than previously anticipated. In the future, climate policy to limit global warming to 1.5–2 °C will make carbon-based fuels increasingly scarce and expensive. Here we show that further progress in solar- and wind-power technology along with carbon pricing to reach the Paris Climate targets could make electricity cheaper than carbon-based fuels. In combination with demand-side innovation, for instance in e-mobility and heat pumps, this is likely to induce a fundamental transformation of energy systems towards a dominance of electricity-based end uses. In a 1.5 °C scenario with limited availability of bioenergy and carbon dioxide removal, electricity could account for 66% of final energy by mid-century, three times the current levels and substantially higher than in previous climate policy scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The lower production of bioenergy in our high-electrification scenarios markedly reduces energy-related land and water requirements. The impact of rapidly falling costs of renewable energy and battery technology on long-term climate stabilization pathways is not well understood. Luderer et al. show that reduced renewable costs and climate policies will make electricity the cheapest energy carrier and can lead to electricity accounting for nearly two-thirds of global energy use by mid-century.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of pancreatic autopsy tissue from COVID-19 patients using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA scope and electron microscopy was performed and detected SARS-CoV-2 viral infiltration of beta-cells in all patients.
Abstract: Metabolic diseases are associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and conversely, new-onset hyperglycemia and complications of preexisting diabetes have been observed in COVID-19 patients. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of pancreatic autopsy tissue from COVID-19 patients using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA scope and electron microscopy and detected SARS-CoV-2 viral infiltration of beta-cells in all patients. Using SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, we confirmed that isolated human islet cells are permissive to infection. In eleven COVID-19 patients, we examined the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS and other receptors and factors, such as DPP4, HMBG1 and NRP1, that might facilitate virus entry. Whereas 70% of the COVID-19 patients expressed ACE2 in the vasculature, only 30% displayed ACE2-expression in beta-cells. Even in the absence of manifest new-onset diabetes, necroptotic cell death, immune cell infiltration and SARS-CoV-2 viral infection of pancreatic beta-cells may contribute to varying degrees of metabolic dysregulation in patients with COVID-19.
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between microplastic fibres and soil water conditions (well-watered, drought) was found to affect ecosystem functions and multifunctionality, and the direction of these effects depended on soil water status.
Abstract: Microplastics in soils have become an important threat for terrestrial systems as they may potentially alter the geochemical/biophysical soil environment and can interact with drought. As microplastics may affect soil water content, this could exacerbate the well‐known negative effects of drought on ecosystem functionality. Thus, functions including litter decomposition, soil aggregation or those related with nutrient cycling can be altered. Despite this potential interaction, we know relatively little about how microplastics, under different soil water conditions, affect ecosystem functions and multifunctionality. To address this gap, we performed an experiment using grassland plant communities growing in microcosms. Microplastic fibres (absent, present) and soil water conditions (well‐watered, drought) were applied in a fully factorial design. At harvest, we measured soil ecosystem functions related to nutrient cycling (β‐glucosaminidase, β‐D‐cellobiosidase, phosphatase, β‐glucosidase enzymes), respiration, nutrient retention, pH, litter decomposition and soil aggregation (water stable aggregates). As terrestrial systems provide these functions simultaneously, we also assessed ecosystem multifunctionality, an index that encompasses the array of ecosystem functions measured here. We found that the interaction between microplastic fibres and drought affected ecosystem functions and multifunctionality. Drought had negatively affected nutrient cycling by decreasing enzymatic activities by up to ~39%, while microplastics increased soil aggregation by ~18%, soil pH by ~4% and nutrient retention by up to ~70% by diminishing nutrient leaching. Microplastic fibres also impacted soil enzymes, respiration and ecosystem multifunctionality, but importantly, the direction of these effects depended on soil water status. That is, under well‐watered conditions, these functions decreased with microplastic fibres by up to ~34% while under drought they had similar values irrespective of the microplastic presence, or tended to increase with microplastics. Litter decomposition had a contrary pattern increasing with microplastics by ~6% under well‐watered conditions while decreasing to a similar percentage under drought. Synthesis and applications. Single ecosystem functions can be positively or negatively affected by microplastics fibres depending on soil water status. However, our results suggest that microplastic fibres may cause negative effects on ecosystem soil multifunctionality of a similar magnitude as drought. Thus, strategies to counteract this new global change factor are necessary.
TL;DR: TDM has been proven to be feasible for individualised dosing of abiraterone, everolimus, imatinib, pazopanib, sunitinib and tamoxifen in prospective studies and is a powerful tool to individualise drug dosing, ensure drug concentrations within the therapeutic window and increase treatment success rates.
Abstract: This review provides an overview of the current challenges in oral targeted antineoplastic drug (OAD) dosing and outlines the unexploited value of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Factors influencing the pharmacokinetic exposure in OAD therapy are depicted together with an overview of different TDM approaches. Finally, current evidence for TDM for all approved OADs is reviewed. A comprehensive literature search (covering literature published until April 2020), including primary and secondary scientific literature on pharmacokinetics and dose individualisation strategies for OADs, together with US FDA Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics Reviews and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use European Public Assessment Reports was conducted. OADs are highly potent drugs, which have substantially changed treatment options for cancer patients. Nevertheless, high pharmacokinetic variability and low treatment adherence are risk factors for treatment failure. TDM is a powerful tool to individualise drug dosing, ensure drug concentrations within the therapeutic window and increase treatment success rates. After reviewing the literature for 71 approved OADs, we show that exposure-response and/or exposure-toxicity relationships have been established for the majority. Moreover, TDM has been proven to be feasible for individualised dosing of abiraterone, everolimus, imatinib, pazopanib, sunitinib and tamoxifen in prospective studies. There is a lack of experience in how to best implement TDM as part of clinical routine in OAD cancer therapy. Sub-therapeutic concentrations and severe adverse events are current challenges in OAD treatment, which can both be addressed by the application of TDM-guided dosing, ensuring concentrations within the therapeutic window.
Umeå University1, University of Copenhagen2, Uppsala University3, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich4, University of Geneva5, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences6, University of Southampton7, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research8, University of Milan9, Concordia University10, McGill University11, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research12, University of Potsdam13, University of Konstanz14, University of Tartu15, Queen Mary University of London16, University of Toledo17, University of Cambridge18, Curtin University19, Sapienza University of Rome20
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize the state-of-the-art analytical procedures for effective sampling, extraction, amplification, quantification and/or generation of DNA inventories from sedimentary ancient DNA via high-throughput sequencing technologies.
Abstract: The use of lake sedimentary DNA to track the long-term changes in both terrestrial and aquatic biota is a rapidly advancing field in paleoecological research. Although largely applied nowadays, knowledge gaps remain in this field and there is therefore still research to be conducted to ensure the reliability of the sedimentary DNA signal. Building on the most recent literature and seven original case studies, we synthesize the state-of-the-art analytical procedures for effective sampling, extraction, amplification, quantification and/or generation of DNA inventories from sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) via high-throughput sequencing technologies. We provide recommendations based on current knowledge and best practises.
TL;DR: In this paper, four different scan strategies and their impact on the development of microstructure, texture, and residual stresses in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of a nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 was investigated.
Abstract: Laser based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing offers the flexibility to incorporate standard and user-defined scan strategies in a layer or in between the layers for the customized fabrication of metallic components. In the present study, four different scan strategies and their impact on the development of microstructure, texture, and residual stresses in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of a nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 was investigated. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with electron backscatter diffraction, and neutron diffraction were used as the characterization tools. Strong textures with epitaxially grown columnar grains were observed along the build direction for the two individual scan strategies. Patterns depicting the respective scan strategies were visible in the build plane, which dictated the microstructure development in the other planes. An alternating strategy combining the individual strategies in the successive layers and a 67° rotational strategy weakened the texture by forming finer microstructural features. Von Mises equivalent stress plots revealed lower stress values and gradients, which translates as lower distortions for the alternating and rotational strategies. Overall results confirmed the scope for manipulating the microstructure, texture, and residual stresses during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing by effectively controlling the scan strategies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the previously derived nuclear-physics-multimessenger astrophysics framework to determine GW190814 to be a binary black hole merger with a probability of >99.9%.
Abstract: The observation of a compact object with a mass of 2.50–2.67M ⊙ on 2019 August 14, by the LIGO Scientific and Virgo collaborations (LVC) has the potential to improve our understanding of the supranuclear equation of state. While the gravitational-wave analysis of the LVC suggests that GW190814 likely was a binary black hole system, the secondary component could also have been the heaviest neutron star observed to date. We use our previously derived nuclear-physics-multimessenger astrophysics framework to address the nature of this object. Based on our findings, we determine GW190814 to be a binary black hole merger with a probability of >99.9%. Even if we weaken previously employed constraints on the maximum mass of neutron stars, the probability of a binary black hole origin is still ∼81%. Furthermore, we study the impact that this observation has on our understanding of the nuclear equation of state by analyzing the allowed region in the mass–radius diagram of neutron stars for both a binary black hole or neutron star–black hole scenario. We find that the unlikely scenario in which the secondary object was a neutron star requires rather stiff equations of state with a maximum speed of sound times the speed of light, while the binary black hole scenario does not offer any new insight.